OCR A-Level Classics Love and Relationships - Men and Woman

Oikos - household

Kyrios - Greek male head of household

Paterfamilias - Roman male head of household

Patria potestas - legal power of paterfamilias over members of the family

Virtus - courage/virtue

Cursus honurum - political ladder, a system of political offices in the senate in Rome, elected annualy

Pudicitia - chastity/sexual modesty

Andron - male part of the house, usually closer to the door, used to entertain guests

Gynaikon - female area of house, either upstairs or in the back, used to nurse children + weave

ATHENS - Male Athenian citizens expected to be involved in the life of the city - participation in the Assembly, serving the military, oratory skills, respect for authorities + for the law

SPARTA - Men at war/training for war - entered agoge at 7, trained then voted into syssition where he spent his time with comrades - ideal man was a good soldier, loyal to state and fellow soldiers, willing to die for Sparta

ROME - virtus (courage/virtue) was defining concept of man, duty to state - upper class Roman men expected to take active role in politics, climb up the cursus honorum, serve the military, public speaking/rhetoric

“speaker of words and a doer of deeds” - Achilles, Iliad

“knowledge which is gained by discussion preparatory to action” - Pericles’ Funeral Oration

“and so lived in liberated homes, without women.” - Hippolytus, Euripedes

adapted the nature “of man for works and duties without doors. For the divinity has fitted the body and mind of the man to be better able to bear cold and heat.” - Ischomschus, Xenophon’s Oeconomicus

“A husband and father rules over wife and children… the rule over his children being a royal, over his wife a constitutional rule.” - Aristotle, Politics

“the male is by nature fitter for command than the female” - Aristotle, Politics

“for any other advantage except revenge, as the law allows.” - Lysias I - On the Murder of Eratosthenes

“I will speak first of our ancestors” - Pericles’ Funeral Oration - paying tribute, importance of men in continuing the bloodline

“respect for the authorities and for the laws”

“our military training is in many respects superior to that of our adversaries”

“We rely not upon management or trickery, but upon our own hearts and hands.”

“these men nobly fought and died; they could not bear the thought that she [Athens] might be taken from them.” - Pericles’ Funeral Oration - willing to die for state

“so that they may become accustomed to travelling in the darkness at night confidently and fearlessly”

“they learned to read and write for purely practical reasons; but all other forms of education they banned from the country” - contrasts importance of rhetoric

Education focused towards “prompt obedience to authority, stout endurance of hardship, and victory or death in battle.”

“required not only to respect their own fathers and be obedient to them, but to have regard for all the older men”

“ancestral discipline”

Given little food and encourages to steal so that “they may be compelled to be daring and unscrupulous”

“the youth would be more serviceable in war” if they could go without food

“more self-controlled and more frugal”

“praise of those who had lived noble lives, and had died for Sparta… censure of those who had played the coward”

“trying to make their leaders habitually not merely fighters but tacticians as well.”

All from Plutarch’s ‘On Sparta’, emphasises how everything in a man’s life centred around training him for war

“He followed the version of the prophecy and saved his wife rather than himself” - Valerius Maximus

“From my grandfather Verus I learned good morals and the government of my temper. From the reputation and remembrance of my father, modestly and a manly character.” - Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

ATHENS -

SPARTA -

ROME -

“an evil counterfeit” “you did not need to provide it [children] from women” - Hippolytus, Euripides’ Hippolytus

“face resemble a deathless goddess’s, with the fair form of a virgin”

“to weave on the intricate loom”

“a bitch’s mind and a thieving heart.” - All from Hesiod, Works and Days

“She causes his property to grow and increase”

“godlike beauty”

“She takes no pleasure in sitting among women in places where they tell stories about love.” - Semonides, On Women

“have plainly adapted the nature of the women for works and duties within doors.”, “he had given the woman by nature, and laid upon her, the office of rearing young children” - Xenophon’s Oeconomicus

“she was clever and frugal in her running of the house” - Lyias I

Grave stele of Ampharete (seated, veiled, with baby)

Grave stele of Hegeso (seated, inside the house, getting attended to by slave girls)

“We keep hetaerae for the sake of pleasure, female slaves for our daily care and wives to give ud legitimate children and to be the guardians of our households.” - Demosthenes

“A woman who travels outside her house should be old enough that people as whose mother she is, not whose wife she is.”

“when men say little about her, whether it be good or evil” - Pericles’ Funeral Oration

Aristotle’s Lysistrata - se strike, women as slaves to their sexual desires

Teiresias - experiences sex as both a man and woman - women to weak-minded to be able to control their sexuality

Bronze figure of a running girl

“rigid and symbolic physical separation” - Rosanna Omitowoju on the andron and gynekon

“women, although formally highly restricted… still had informal power” - Rosanna Omitowoju

“The separation of the sexes was expressed in private architecture by the provision of separate quarters for men and women.” - Sarah Pomeroy