Studied by 3 peoplehumanists
people who studies classical civilization and its texts - broke free of medieval scholasticism (scholasticism focused on religion)
individualism
focus on personal rather than religious or political interests
one of the -isms of the renaissance
Petrarch
father of humanist
italian poet and scholar
saw middle ages as period of darkness because decline in classical knowledge (called it dark ages)
wrote in vernacular
liked latin and cicero
developed philology
philology
scholarly methods of analyzing texts with a focus on the history of language
Lorenzo Valla
philologist
discovered an important RCC doc was fake through proving difference in langauge over time
Marsilio Ficino
humanist
studied greek and Plato
translated plato to latin
said people should contemplate to be great
Pico della Mirandola
wanted to blend philosophical views
oration on the dignity of man
said humans only have limits placed by themself
Bruni
translate greek and latin works
wrote biographies
Battista Alberti
wrote books in italian
influenced by cicero
book “on painting” showed how to make 2d art look 3d
designed santa maria novella in florence
Baldassare Castiglione
Book of Courtier telling people how to act
Machiavelli
The prince - advice for rulers
absolute ruler should use any means for unity + independence
prince should be feared rather than loved
The discourses
Bruneslleschi
rebuilt Church of San Lorenzo
largest dome in existence
Donatello
sculpted in marvel and bronze
shallow 3d
da Vinci
renaissance man
Mona Lisa and Last supper
drew human bodied
made frescos - wall paintings using watercolor on wet plaster
master of geometric perspective
Michelangelo
commissioned to make the David
Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
Raphael
paintings of Virgin Mary
painted frescoes in Vatican Palace
School of Athens
Andrea Palladio
made palaces
adapted to materials of his time period, but use similar structure to romans
Albrecht Durer
german painter who traveled to italy for studying
exchanged works of art with Raphael
made prints and woodcuts
Northern Renaissance
this area of renaissance focused more on religion
human centered naturalism
ordinary individuals in art
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
northern renaissance
painted scenes from the bible
peasant wedding
Rembrandt
baroque artist
night watch
christian humanists
wanted religious reform
“ad fontes” back to the source (bible)
church officials turned away from religious responsibilities, causing these people to want reform
Erasmus
Christian humanist from the Netherlands
wanted literate people to read the Bible themselves
Praise of Folly
called out clergy for stupidity and focus on money rather than spirituality
did not want church to splinter
agreed with some of Luther’s ideas but though luther was too extreme
Thomas More
Utopia book
imaginary land with perfect society
abolition of private property
education of women
Henry VIII
broke with the church of england because they didn’t let him divorce
Passed:
act of supremacy - king of england is head of church
Treason act - not being anglican was illegal
Anglican church was pretty christian
divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived
Elizabeth I
took over after Mary Tudor died
was Mary’s half sister
restored anglicanism after mary tudor wanted to restore catholicism
wanted to prevent radical reformers such as puritans
passed:
act of uniformity
book of common prayer
provided instructions + avoided RCC criticism
said subjects must attend church every week
Ferdinand and Isabella
marriage began unification and centralization processes in spain
used alcabala sales tax
Inquisition to consolidate power
consolidated military power allowing for economic strength
Henry VII
first tudor monarch through winning war of roses
used diplomacy to avoid expensive war
didn’t overtax gentry
sent justices to hear cases
made royal advisory council
Star Chamber to control bad nobles
heard cases of nobles
diet of augsburg
meeting held to settle differences between catholic and protestant regions of HRE
Protestants were given deadline to return to Catholicism
led to creation of schmalkaldic league
Peace of Augsburg
allowed individual rulers of HRE to choose whether their subjects were L
mercantilism
measure of wealth by how much gold and silver a country had
worlds wealth is like a pie with limited size
only way to get richer is if another country gets smaller share
favorable balance of trade
mercantilism idea where if a country exports more than imports, then it will get richer
the want for this led to creation of colonies because states wanted more things to export
Jean Baptiste Colbert
finance minister to Louis XIV
reformed french tax system
wanted france to have strong international trade to weaken dutch
enforced mercantilistic policies such as taxes on imports
lateen sails
arabian triangular sails
adopted by europeans
replaced square sails
allowed for sailing regardless of wind direction
sternpost rudder
steering device attached to ships main beam at the rear making the ship more maneuverable
christopher columbus
italian explorer
concluded earth was small enough that shortest route to atlantic was across the atlantic
tried to get portugal to support him, but portugese knew he miscalculated
then went to spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand
backed his first expedition
landed in Bahamas + explored parts of Cuba and Hispaniola
called the area west indies
treaty of tordesillas
treaty between spain and portugal creating separate spheres of colonial influence
divided the world through eastern South America
Amerigo Vespucci
traveled along eastern coast of South America
referred to the area as new world
mapmakers used his name to call it americas
Hernan Cortes
reached Veracruz on gulf of Mexico
Aztecs ruled this area
conquered the Aztecs and destroyed their capital Tenochtitlan within two years
disease, guns, and horses
Tenochtitlan became the capital of New Spain (later Mexico City)
Ferdinand Magellan
first voyage around the world
died near the phillipines
crew finished his journey
this is how spain found the spice islands of phillipines and indonesia
portugese but sailed for spanish
spice islands
southern phillipines + indonesia
no permanent settlement by spanish until 1565
spanish sent missionaries to convert natives
became center of commerce
traded mexican silver for chinese silk
islands known for rich soil for growing spices
nutmeg and cinnamon
Henry the Navigator
portugese prince
made a school for navigation
formed basis for portugese exploration
Vasco de Gama
portugese explorer
reached calcutta in india
led to creation of portugese spice empire
Columbian Exchange
exchange of goods, ideas and food between old and new world
to old world:
potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco
turkeys llamas alpacas, guinea pigs
rubber, quinine (medicinal agent)
syphillis disease
to new world:
wheat, sugar, coffee, orange
horses, pigs, cows, sheep
typhus, measles, smallpox, influenza
alphabet, gunpowder weapons
Middle Passage
part of triangular trade
route between africa and new world
slaves transported in inhuman condition
double entry bookkeeping
type of accounting where both sides of each transaction track it in a book
joint stock company
business venture raising large amounts of capital for international trade and colonization ventures
inverstors bought stock (shares) in a company
risk is distributed among shareholders
shareholders receive dividends (payments) if company does well
ie. Dutch East India Compant (VOC)
crop rotation
created because soil exhaustion was a problem
system of planting crops in different fields at different times
one crop restores nutrients, other depletes, then switch
in contrast to two field system where half the land just lied fallow (empty)
enclosure movement
allowed selling of previously commons (communal land)
fenced-in pieces of land for commercial agricultural use
large scale production, new farming practices, surplus of food
led to population increase
ruined life of peasants who revolted
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