GCSE Cold War 1943 - 1972

28th November - 1st December 1943

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

To make plans for the reconstruction of Europe after WW2

• The USA and Britain would open a second front

• The USSR would declare war on Japan

• Poland would be given more land from Germany but would lose land to USSR

• Churchill wanted Germany to stop the Russian advance, opened second front

• Roosevelt sided with Stalin

• Roosevelt was critical of the British Empire

The future of Germany

He wanted to punish Germany (taking land and reparations) to ensure they were never a threat again

February 1945

Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt

• Germany divided into four zones

• Germany to pay 20 billion in reperations

• East Europe communist sphere of influence

• Stalin believed there was a delayed opening of a second front so the Soviets would suffer greater casualties and they would be weak

• West believed Stalin was encouraging communist revolutions

• Ideological disagreements

July 1945 - August 1945

Truman, Stalin, Churchill then Atlee

• To determine the future of Germany after the war

• Truman was in the middle of trials for the atomic bomb which would gain leverage over the USSR as the USA had the capability to wipe out the USSR

• Stalin was determined for Germany to pay reperations

• Stalin wanted the Europen countries to act as a Buffer Zone, while Truman wanted free elections

• Increased Cold war tension, arms race

• USA wanted a monopoly over the state.

• USSR became secure with bufer zones

• Show of force wanted USSR to be weak

• A metaphorical separation between eastern and western Europe in Winston Churchill's speech that critisiced communism

• It provide aid in personal and financial to anyone who was resisting communism and was setout to stop the spread of Communism in the European Region

• It was economic assistance given to European countries to help them rebuild after WWII

• The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties who set out to spread the communist ideals and discredit capitalism

• The soviet response to Marshall aid, set out to support countries in eastern Europ. In reality it set out to controll the economies and access their resources

• The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart.

• Sent to Moscow outlining how the USAwanted to dominate the world with military. Americans no longer wanted to cooperate with the USSR

• 'He who controlls Berlin controlls Germany, He who controlls Germany controlls Europe' Otto Von Bismark

• An island of Capitalism in a sea of communism

• June 24, 1948 - May 12, 1949

• Stalin wanted Germany to remain weak, as a strong Germany could represent a threat to the Soviet Union. The Western Allies disagreed and were encouraging Germany to rebuild in the Western sectors. This angered Stalin who decided to force the Allies out of Berlin. West Germnay was better stocked than the east and so made communism look weak

• It was the German capital

• It was the symbolic capital of Nazism

• It became a way of escaping into West Germany from Soviet East Germany

Berlin and Germany remained divided German Federal Republic (West Germany) created German Democratic Republic (East Germany) created First Victory of the cold war

• Casualties because of flying conditions as pilots tried to keep Berlin stocked and not give up to communist opression

• Demonstrated that the allies would not just roll over from communist oppresion

• 275,000 flights and 1.5 million tonnes of valuables

It happened because the US used containment to stop the spread of communism so the Soviets built a wall separating west(allied) and east Berlin in an effort to reclaim Berlin

• Built by the Communists to stop the flow of refugees seeking to gain political asylum in West Berlin from East Berlin.

• It became the symbol of division between the East and the West.

Dividing line between North and South Korea fought over in the korean war

June 25, 1950 - July 27, 1953

• Communist leader of North Korea who attacked South Korea in 1953.

• Communist controlled North Korea invades non-communist South Korea in an effort to unite the two sides under a communist government but south Korean retaliates with Nato backing.

Mainly lead by Douglas Mcarthur America and some other Nato forces.

American backed south korean president.

The noth korean forces pushed back to pusan Perimeter, Nato then pushed back to the chinese border. China the pushed the americans back to the 38th parallel. Lands and Inch on

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a communist state in 1959 after Batista.

• 90 miles from US, location in the Caribbean, communism was now very close to the american homeland with the threat of nuclear missiles on americas door step. Embarrasment to America.

• Failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

1962

• a Soviet attempted buildup of nuclear missiles in Cuba that prompted a U.S. response

• naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security.

• He also removed missiles from Turkey.

• US and USSR compete for technological and nuclear supremacy.

• The competition to be the first person to put an object into atmosphere.

• The USSR placed Sputnik into orbit demonstrating how they could utilises space to their advantage

• Cuba was a communist ally that the UssR could use

• Missiles were removed from Turkey

• The USA would not invade Cuba on Kruschev's orders

• US public liked that Kennedy outsmarted Kruschev

• He Stopped Nuclear weapons from being on the shores of America.

• Kennedy's hard line stance gave the sense that Kruschev could not outsmart Kennedy.

• Ended refugee crisis

• Allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with US

• Powerful symbol of division between communism and capitalism

• Kruschev offered weapons to Cuba to help defend them

• US sent U- 2 missiles to track weapons in Cuba

• Bay of Pigs (CIA) plan

• US breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba

• 1960

• Eisenhower ordered spy planes over USSR 23000m high with hi tech cameras and listening devices over soviet bases

• 1956

• Flew from US base in Pakistan

• Gary Powers hit by Soviet Sam -2 missile in the Ural Mountains.

• Gary Powers had Cyanide but did not kill himself

• Weather plan disapeered

• disappeared somewhere over turkey

• Pilot capured and shown on soviet TV

• Photo evidence of the plane

• Remains of plane searched by Soviet scientists

• Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country

-Soviets and U.S. tension in Germany/Berlin -East Berliners were fleeing to West Berlin and West Germany.Between 1949 and 1961 2.7 million left East Berlin. -West Germany/West Berlin was a model of democracy.

• Kruschev walks out of paris summt May 1960

• Moscow trip cancelled

• Amerca Admit to spying

• Spy swap for Rudolf Abel

Imre Nagy

• They withdraw from the Warsaw pact

• Installed a new government

• However America did not offer the assistance when soviet troops marched back into the country