Global Regents Review!!!!

1. Access to the ideas of Greek thinkers such as Archimedes and Plato encouraged new ways of thinking

2. New instruments made new discoveries possible, and the printing press spread new ideas quickly.

3. Mathematics played a key role in the scientific achievements of the time.

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth (Heliocentric Theory)

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars (was punished by the Catholic Church for his ideas of heliocentric system)

Most influential figure of the Revolution, His universal law of gravitation opposed the Church's views, Three laws of motion. (One of his major works was Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, known as Principia)

"I think therefore I am" believed that reasoning was the way to discover the truth

developed the scientific method

Spread of ideas about science, Used the printing press, Paved the way for enlightenment, Questioned church And tradition, Observation And experimentation, Scientists persecuted because scientific ideas, Movement to secular life

A period of time where many started to look at life differently. Believed in natural laws

Believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property, believed govt. only exists to meet the needs of the people. Two of his works were Two Treatises of Government, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Believed in Separation of Powers Each branch will keep the other branch from becoming too powerful. Wrote The Spirit of Laws.

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment that believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech.

French writer, champion of freedom, individual freedom, government came from the people

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

The rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called human rights. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

A belief that absolute rulers should enact reforms for the good of the people.

Russian ruler who took steps to reform and modernize Russia

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture in Russia.

1789 Rebellion in which the French people overthrew their monarchy and made the country a republic.

1st was the rich, 2nd was the middle class or bourgeoisie, 3rd was the peasants

King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution

Queen of France, she was unpopular because she had the best dresses and gambled a lot of money away

famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France

Fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

This 1789 wave of violence in the countryside directly led to the end of feudalism in France.

October 5-6, 1789: A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread

Radical political club during the French Revolution

Key radical leader of the Jacobins and the French Revolution

The excessively violent period of time during the French Revolution under the rule of Robespierre where many were beheaded on suspicions of disloyalty

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

This small group, led by Robespierre, oversaw the Reign of Terror

The committee of five set up to run the government after the reign of terror

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Leader of France, Built up the French Empire, Created the Napoleonic Code, Strong Nationalism

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon

Invasion of Russia, defeated at Battle of Waterloo and Leipzig, abdicated, and finally exiled

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's Nation

a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

Meetings in Vienna for the purpose of restoring order to Europe

A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.

Famous speech by Otto Von Bismarck

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

Development of a system which supports machine production of goods

1. Agricultural Revolution

2. Growing Population 3.Money to Invest 4.Natural Resources

3. GB had a market to sell to

Change in farming methods in the 1600s that improved the quality and quantity of farm products

Naturally occurring materials, such as oil and fertile land, which can be used by humans

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

During this time the wages were terrible and the jobs were awful. Many children under the age of 10 also worked in the factories.

English inventor of the spinning Jenny which made spinning wool much faster.

English clergyman who invented the power loom which was powered by water

Improved the steam engine

A steam locomotive invented by Englishman George Stephenson in 1929 which could reach 30 mph.

A period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s in the US

Introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called marxism and wrote the Communist Manifesto

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

The improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory in a city.

1.Improved transportation systems: Roads, railroads, canals and steam ships 2.Development of iron, steel and chemical manufacturing

1. Pollution

2. Overpopulation

Search for natural resources and markets to sell products because of the Industrial Revolution

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. (Racism)

The poem that it was white people's "duty" to teach the rest of the world because they were better. Written by Rupyard Kipling

This was an event where European Countries tried to claim African Colonies as quickly as they could

Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

Fought the Boers for years.

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa

A war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa

• effects:

1. Built Roads

2. Established school systems

• effects:

1. Food Shortages

2. War between African Nations

Human-made waterway connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas

A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism.

• Effects:

1. Stability and order

2. Irrigation systems improve farming

3. School systems, postal service

4. New laws meant justice for all classes

• Effects

1. Resources go to G.B

2. Destroy local industries

3. Produce cotton instead of food (millions Indians starve)

4. Indians are treated as inferiors

5. G.B. replaces Indian culture with western ways

Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control

Organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.

The revolt that occurred in Haiti led by Toussaint L'Ouverture against the French

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion

Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform against Spain

In 1810, Simon Bolivar began his struggle for liberation for Venezuela. By 1819, he had led revolts in Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), and Ecuador.

By 1810 he had liberated Argentina, and had led his troops over the Andes Mountains into Chile

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Recovering from the wars for independence which resulted in a huge loss of people, property and livestock and the economies once again became dependent on Western nations

1. Great damage to the Mexican economy 2.Universal male suffrage

2. Land reform

3. Limits on foreign investmen

Was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution

Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910.

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries

A conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China which destroyed the Chinese navy and spurred them to modernize

"unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace

A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly

"Father of Chinese Republic" leader of the Nationalist revolution; establishes the Nationalist party

Had ruled Japan for 200 years and kept the country in isolation

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade

The political transformation in Japan that led to their successful modernization in the 1800s.

war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF WWI

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

is a peninsula and a cultural area in Southeast Europe with different and disputed borders