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Silk road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam
Indian Ocean Trade
connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.
Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
Camel Saddle
An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route
Caravans
Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Margery Kempe
Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia.
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
Khanate
one of several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population
Caravansaries
an inn where desert travelers found food and shelter
overgrazing
Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
soil erosion
wearing away of surface soil by water and wind
Champa Rice
a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice brought to China from Vietnam
Diffusion
The process of spread of an item or trend from one place to another over time
Zheng He
(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.
Lateen sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade
Stern Rudder
controls the sailing direction of a ship
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Magnetic Compass
Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north
Monsoon winds
The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Yuan dynasty
Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644; took over after the fall of the Yuan dynasty
Pax Mongolica
Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire
Junk
A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Nomadic
wandering from place to place
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
Ortogh
Mongol empire, commercial alliances created to minimize risk
Kashgar
Located on Western edge of China where Northern and Southern routes of the Silk Road met
Samarkand
City in modern day Uzbekistan, stopping point on the Silk Road between China and Mediterranean
flying cash
Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.
Paper money
legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins
Bill of exchange
a document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date
Banking Houses
an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done, Emerged in Europe
Khan
A Mongol ruler
Batu
Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236.
Golden Horde
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.
Moscow
Major city in Russia
Hulegu
Grandson of Genghis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.
Il-Khanate
Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East
Kublai Khan
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China
Yuan Dynasty
Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
White lotus society
Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
Swahili City States
dominated trade along the east African coast
Spice Islands
Modern day Malaysia and Indonesia, known for its spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom
Calicut
Great spice port on west coast of India
Mali
Power trading society in West Africa, rich in gold and ivory
Sundiata
the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes
Songhai Kingdom
Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning
Mecca
the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
Urdu
official language of Pakistan, mixed grammatical patterns of Hindi with the vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi
Hangzhou
China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people.
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
Money economy
an economic system based on money rather than barter