AP Euro - Unit 4

Many observations lead to generalization

Generalizations lead to specific conclusions

Created the scientific method

French philosopher

Developed the law of universal gravitation

Study of the arrangement of the stars

Branch of astronomy concerned with the origins and structure of the universe

Developed the heliocentric model, clashed with the beliefs of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Discovered orbit to be elliptical

First European to build and use a telescope, proved that planets were non-ethereal

Father of anatomy and physiology during medieval Europe

Wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body”, studied anatomy

Fixed Galen’s ideas on the circulatory system, found that the circulatory system started with the heart

Focused on the innate reason why people know what they know

The idea that all human knowledge is acquired through the human senses

Wrote “Leviathan”, argued that in a state of nature, humans would pursue their own survival and self-interest

Believed all humans were born with natural rights given by the Creator, believed in the Social Contract, argued that humans were naturally blank slates and are only motivated by self-interest

Wrote “The Social Contract”, sexist

Wrote “A Vindication of the rights of Women”, believed women could be equal if they were given equal access to opportunities

Advocated for religious tolerance, hated the Catholic Church, exiled from Paris and moved to England

Made the Encyclopedia

Believed the best system of government was the judicial, executive, and legislative branches

Father of the criminal justice system, brought scientific reasoning into the criminal justice field, wrote “On Crimes and Punishments” which called for an end to the use of torture

People bought coffee, read newspapers, and shared ideas regarding philosophy

Specialized groups to investigate knowledge

Atheist, thought God was the creation of human ignorance and fear

Asserts that all ideas and beliefs should be approached with doubtD

Skeptic, argued against miracles, disputed the idea of an afterlife, believed that religion corrupts rather than contributes to morality

Movement which focuses on a personal experience with God, stresses charitable works

Led the Methodist Movement

Belief that moral behavior was the key to salvation emphasized the importance of the Bible

The government stays uninvolved

Concerned with population growth

Introduced Britain to the smallpox inoculation

Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, first European monarch to mandate schooling

People began buying goods for leisure, ornament, etc.

Influential author

Secular, exuberant, light, hedonistic art style

Secular art style which upheld ideas of simplicity and symmetry

Era of neoclassical literature, imitate Roman writers Horace and Virgil

Enlightened monarch, believed a king’s duty was to protect and serve the people, started the Prussian Common Law

Enlightened monarch, believed in religious toleration, limited the power of the Church, enabled freedom of the press