Unit V – Data Processing Technology

A. Parallel Processing System

refers to one or more independent operating systems managing multiple processors and performing multiple tasks.

is very fast and can share the memory unit.

examples of parallel processing system classification

A. Parallel Processing System

2. Flynn’s classification of parallel processing systems

is a single processor system that sequentially processes an instruction and data, one at a time.

It is the conventional computer architecture that follows von Neumann’s concept.

The structure of processing multiple data with an instruction to simultaneously perform the same operation on multiple data.

It is also called an array processor, as it enables synchronous parallel processing.

-Each processing unit in the ____ parallel computing architecture runs different instructions and processes the same data. The pipeline architecture is an example. It is not a widely used architecture.

-In a ____ structure, multiple processors process different programs and different data, and most parallel computers fall into this category. It can be classified into a shared memory model and a distributed memory model, depending on how it uses the memory

is a tightly-coupled system in which al processors use the main memory as the shared memory. It is easy to program since the data transfer can use shared memory

is a distributed memory type in which each processor has an independent memory. The loosely coupled system exchanges data between processors through a network, such as Ethernet.

is a structure the combines the advantages of the SMP which is a shared memory structure that makes it easier to develop programs and the MPP structure, which offers excellent scalability.

The technology improves the CPU performance by dividing an operation into several stages and configuring a hardware unit for processing each stage separately in order to process different instructions simultaneously-

The stages of the four-stage instruction pipeline are

refers to the pipeline speed exceptionally slowing down. _____ include the data hazard, the control hazard, and the structural hazard.

occur when the next instruction execution has to be delayed until the previous instruction has been completed because of the dependency between instruction operands.

are generated by branch instructions, like branch and jump which change the execution order of the instructions.

are generated when instructions cannot be processed in parallel in the same clock cycle, due to hardware limitations.

is a compiler directive-based parallel programming API.

is the fork/join model.

is a parallel programming model suitable to a distributed memory system structure.

tools for message passing include High Performance FORTRAN (HPF), Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM), and Message Passing Interface (MPI). MPI has become the standard

adequately distributes jobs to the cores in order to increase the multi core performance.

_____ An OS is executed independently in each processor core.

______ An OS manages al processor cores simultaneously. Application programs can operate in any core.

_______ An OS manages al process cores simultaneously, and an application program can run on a specific core

The hardware specializes in computer graphics calculation and is mainly used for the rendering of 3D graphics.

dedicated to processing large-capacity image data generates results through parallel jobs using multiple cores.

a GPU shows high computational performance in matrix and vector operations that are mostly used for graphic rendering, the computing system intends to utilize GPUs in the general computing domain as well.

Many models supporting GPGPU programming have appeared.

____ is a parallel computing platform and a programming model that can significantly improve computing speed with a large number of GPU cores.

It provides intuitive GPI programming, based on the C language, and it enables quick operation using shared memory.

is expected to show an excellent performance improvement when applied to performing tasks suitable for parallel processing operations in various fields that require a large amount of computation, such as simulation.

maintained and managed by Khronos Group, is an open, general-purpose parallel computing framework developed by Apple, AMD, IBM, Intel, and NVIDIA.

It is an industry standard programming model for heterogeneous computer systems, consisting of GPUs, CPUs, and other processors.

was developed by Microsoft in an open programming language for heterogeneous computing, using CPU and GPU, C++ AMP, when added to Visual Studio 2021, can increase the execution speed of C++ codes using GPU.

intends to help developers create general-purpose programs using GPU without a high level of understanding or application capability about DirectX API.

NVIDIA introduced ____, a programming model based on compiler directives that abstract CUDA, _____ is a programming model for higher productivity, since it provides a relatively simple programming environment for developers.

The storage connects a computer system with disks directly through a fiber channel or SCSI cable in order to utilize the storage capacity. It allows the computer system to manage the file system directory.

The storage has a separate file system management server (controller) to manage the storage media such as HDD and SSD.

was developed to overcome the disadvantages. It uses a dedicated fiber channel switch for fast connection, and it enabled the ability to scale up the number of connected servers and storage, with less impact to the connected network load.

This type of SAN uses the gigabit Ethernet Internet protocol (IP), instead of a fiber channel.

is used to connect a remote SAN. It encapsulates data to TCP/IP for interconnection when transferring a frame to a remote location.

provides a TCP/IP connection dedicated to regional SAN, using the iFCP gateway.

encapsulates SCSI commands into IP packets and transfer the I/O block data through TCP/IP. Technologies like \n IPSec ensure reliability.

The existing fixed-allocation storage technology uses a thick logical unit number (LUN) wasted data storage space.

provides a high efficiency of disk space used by removing any duplicated data when saving the data.

disk drive that stores data is a device using a rotating magnetic disk.

is a technique of efficiently processing I/O requests, when multiple users request them, in order to process different tasks.

Using disk scheduling has the following purposes:

can be compared with the indicators that measure disk performance.

include the access time, seeking time, rotational delay or rotational latency, and data transfer time

indicates how long it takes to move the head from the current head position, to the track containing the data.

indicates how long it takes from the moment the head begins rotating to move to the track containing the data, to the moment it reaches the sector that contains the data.

indicates how long it takes to transfer the read data to the main memory. This section describes techniques to minimize the access time by minimizing the seeking time and the rotational latency.

services the requests in the order they are received. The head position moves in the order of the requested tracks in the disk standby queue.

The scheduling technique first services the request that is closest to the current head position, among the requested services waiting in the queue.

The scheduling technique first services the request that has the shortest seeking distance from the current direction of the moving head.

The technique is the same as the SCAN disk scheduling, except that the head changes its direction before reaching the outermost or innermost cylinder.

The SCAN technique moves the head by connecting the inner and outer tracks in a circular model.

it is a LOOK scheduling technique that connects the inner and outer tracks in an annular model in order to make the head move.

C. High Availability Storage

1. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) technology

generally have an error controller and backup function to safely store the massive volume of data.

is a storage technology that minimizes the factors that can cause failure, and it improves access performance by arranging a number of disks, and by creating a separate disk unit by linking them with each other

main features of RAID

C. High Availability Storage

1. Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) technology

consists of two or more drives and uses disk striping, which stores data by dividing it into pieces of a specific size and saves it on multiple disks at once.

uses a mirroring technique that redundantly stores data on two drives. Since data is stored in redundancy, data can be restored, even if a drive fails.

has a separate parity drive and collects and stores parities for data verification and recovery.

is an improvement of RAID-4 by distributing the load of the drive that stores the parities.

is similar to RAID-5, except that while RAID-5 stores one parity, RAID-6 redundantly stores a parity in two drives. The configuration is more durable than RAID-5 and can store data safely.

requires at least four drives and is a combination of RAID-0 and RAID-1 to improve I/O speed while providing data stability.

is a standard open tape drive technology that supports high-speed data processing and a large capacity.

is a backup solution that emulates disk storage and makes it into a virtual tape device to compensate for problems such as limited performance, scalability, and the recovery time

D. Graphic Compression Technology

• 1. Graphic compression type

Video data compression, which accounts for most of the traffic in a multimedia network, can be divided into lossless compression (reversible compression) and lossy compression (irreversible compression).

is also called reversible compression.

refers to a method of restoring a compressed image without information loss from the original data while decompressing.

is also called irreversible compression.

refers to a compression method when the compressed data is restored, but it does not match the original data before the compression because some data is lost.

Since the compression and decompression algorithms are exactly the opposite of each other, the compression method preserves the original data's integrity, and no part of the data is lost during processing.

compromises some accuracy to increase the compression rate, by allowing the loss of redundant or unnecessary data. There are two types of lossy compression methods: prediction coding and transform coding.

is used for digitizing the analog signal, Instead of separately quantizing the PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) samples, it quantizes the difference.

transforms a signal from one domain (mainly a time and space domain) to another domain (mainly a frequency domain), then compresses it.

includes text, image, video, and audio data. The text has the form of plain text and non-linear hypertext.

The basic language is _____ for expressing symbols, and it uses a loss less compression method.

an image is called a still image and refers to a photo, fax page, or a video frame

In the transformation process, the JPEG uses DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) in the first stage of compression, and the decompression uses the inverse DCT method.

The transformation and inverse transformation apply 8 X 8 blocks.

The quantization process creates integers from the real number of the DCT transform output and converts some values to zero.

The coding process arranges data in a zigzag order after quantization and before encoder input, then lossless compression is performed using run-length decoding and arithmetic coding

The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is an international standardization organization. The official name of the standard is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11.

created the following compression formats and additional standards.