Studied by 29 peopleLAST TERMS QUIZ WOOOOOO
14th Amendment
granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including formerly enslaved people
15th Amendment
Granted African American men the right to vote
17th Amendment
changed the practice for electing senators from a vote by state legislatures to a direct vote by the people
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote
24th Amendment
eliminated poll taxes, a structural barrier to voting
26th Amendment
lowered the voting age to 18
Rational Choice Voting
refers to individuals who base their decisions on what is perceived to be in their own best interest
Retrospective Voting
refers to individuals who decide whether the party or candidate in power should be reelected based on the recent past
Prospective Voting
refers to individuals who vote based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future
Straight-Ticket Voting
refers to individuals who vote for all of the candidates from one political party on a ballot
Structural Barriers
polling hors, availability of absentee ballots, etc.
Political efficacy
the belief that an individualās participation in the political process will make a difference
State-controlled elections
the hours polls are open, Voter ID Laws, variations in funding for polling places and workers, variations in types of voting allowed, such as voting by mail, absentee voting, and early voting
Voter registration laws and procedures
registering in-person, online, or automatically
Election Type
more turnout for presidential elections than midterm elections
______________ characteristics and political _______________ or _____________ are used to predict the likelihood of whether an individual will vote
Demographic; political efficacy; engagement
Factors influencing voter choice include:
Party identification and ideological orientation
Candidate characteristics
Contemporary political issues
Religious beliefs or affiliation, age, gender, race and ethnicity, and other demographic characteristics
________________ are channels that allow individuals to communicate their preferences to policy-makers
Linkage-institutions
Linkage-institutions Examples
political parties
interest groups
elections
media
The Functions and impact of political parties on the electorate and government are represented by:
mobilization and education of voters
Party platforms
Candidate recruitment
Campaign management, including fundraising and media strategy
The committee and party leadership systems in legislatures
Candidate-centered campaigns
where the public focus is on the characteristics of the candidate and not on the party
When parties adapt policies and messaging to appeal to various _____________
Demographic Coalitions
Critical elections
elections in which there is a realignment of political party support among voters
Campaign Finance Law
limits the amount of money individuals and political organizations can give to a candidate running for federal office
The structure of parties has been influenced by:
Critical elections
Campaign finance law
Changes in communication and data-management technology
Winner-take-all voting Districts (vice Proportional Systems)
serves as a structural barrier to third-party and independent candidate success
advantages the two-party system in the U.S.
Incorporation of 3rd Party Agendas into major political party platforms
serves as a barrier to third-party and independent candidate success
___________________ may represent very specific or more general interests, and can educate voters and office holders, conduct lobbying, draft legislation, and mobilize membership to apply pressure on and work with legislators and government agencies
Interest groups
Amicus curiae brief
a written document submitted as a āfriend of the courtā to provide additional information for justices to consider when reviewing a case
In addition to working within party coalitions, interest groups exert influence through ___________ and ____________ that help interest groups exert influence across political party coalitions.
iron triangles; issue networks
Factors that affect interest groupās ability to influence elections and policymaking include:
Membership size
Financial Resources
Access to important people in the policy process
Free Riders
Membership Size
Larger memberships (AARP) are able to mobilize those members, and possess access to large financial reserves
Free Riders
individuals who benefit from the work of an interest group without providing financial support
Other groups that influence policy-making include
Single-issue groups
ideological/social movements
protest movements
professional organizations
the military
bureaucratic agencies
Incumbency Advantage phenonmenon
benefits current officeholders possess over challengers
Open and closed primaries
voting processes to elect candidates
Cacuses
closed meetings of party members to select candidates or decline policy
The process and outcomes in U.S. presidential elections are affected by:
Incumbency advantage phenomenon
Open and closed primaries
Caucuses
Party conventions
General (presidential) elections
The Electoral College
The benefits and drawbacks of modern campaigns are respresented by
Dependence on professional consultants
Rising campaign costs and intensive fundraising efforts
Duration of election cycles
Impact of and reliance on social media for campaign communication and fundraising
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
effort to ban soft money and reduce attack ads with āStand by Your Adā provision: āI am (name) and I approve this messageā
Citizenās United vs F.E.C. 2010
said that corporations and unions can spend as much money as they want to support political candidates. They argued it's a form of free speech protected by the Constitution. This decision changed the rules, letting big organizations have more influence in elections.
Different types of _____ influence elections and policy making through fundraising and spending
PACās
Agenda Setting
traditional news media, new communication technologies, and advances in social media influence how citizens routinely acquire political information, including news events, investigative journalism, election coverage, and political commentary.
Horse Races
based more on popularity and factors other than qualifications and plaforms of candidates
The nature of democratic debate and the level of political knowledge among citizens is affected by:
Increased media choices
Ideologically oriented programming
Consumer-driven media outlets and emerging technologies that reinforce existing beliefs
Uncertainty over the credibility of news sources and information
Note
Flashcard