Native American Studies Exam 1

1. environment and geological data-ice age

2. Cultural Artifacts and features

3. Traditional Knowledge

4. Genetic and linguistic markers: DNA, language similarities

1512 Papal Declaration: went to pope to see if Natives were actually people Lost Tribes of Israel: tribe in Bible got lost, ended up here instead of holy land Atlantis: people migrated from sunken island.

natural world would give to humans; not human centric stories

Bering Land Bridge

link between NE Asia and North America; sea level dropped in ice age forming bridge and allowing people to migrate.

chronologies: put stuff in order

age of object in years. radiocarbon and C14 dating

follow food and curiosity to expand

spear-big game, harpoon: ocean resources, atlatl, bow and arrow, blow gun

east: sunflowers with smaller center mesoamerica: corn three sisters: corn, beans, squash

extensive, formalized, and sophisticated

1. Mutualism: trade excess goods

2. Social Contract: trade with same people later/ gender specific

3. ceremonial trade: alliances, spiritual smoking of pipe

alliances, info passed, marriage, disease.

Norse

land; use alliances with native groups

Gold?

trading fur

British created treaties but had no authority over colonists who wanted Native land.

consolidate its borders. Civilize (adopt into US) and Exterminate (kick them out) Natives eventually lost right to sovereignty.

created to manage Indian peoples. BIA goal was to maintain good relations with sovereign Indian nations to get land and trade.

education, government services, manage trust lands, foster self-determination

Noble duty to tame wild lands & bring civilization

forced natives to move west

end native wars, put them on reservations

give natives land that was already theirs to farm to assimilate into US culture. US gov held it in trust for 25 years and took most of it back.

Natives fought in WW II

gave tribes control over their indian land, took away reservations

allowed Indians to claim land taken from them.

withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities; assimilate them to white culture

share different viewpoints in western way, believe they came from water.

slavery abolished before independence from Britain gained.

manage Indian nations through violence

goal to assimilate natives to white culture; many kids killed at school; cultural genocide.

ban Indian religion, wipe out culture

similar to Dawes Act; make indians farm their own land

1. Citizenship and voting rights act

2. Freedom to practice religion

3. Indians can pursue claims against the government for taking land

4. established councils, govern their internal affairs

promote self governance

classify everyone as Mexican

One rich landowner had lots of native slaves work on plantations

1. communal ownership prohibited: get rid of native land

2. Indian Status abolished: classify everyone as mexican.

3. unoccupied lands: not developed toward European standards could be claimed if land was improved. (targeted at native lands)

stood up to mexican army until they got destroyed

assimilation: get natives into mexican culture preservation of culture: arts, foods

land, mining, oil drilling that destroys native lands

1. extreme population reduction

2. loss of culture and language

3. disruption of economic system

4. poor living conditions

5. psychological stress

6. changes in territory and technology

7. increased violence and competition among Native Nations

8. resource depletion

9. climate change

band (family) lived in tribes who lived in groups of families. Resources changed according to season

based on revenge: never ends spiritual warfare: send bad omens to each other

marriage: arranged early wife sharing: exchanging wives forms stronger bond

infanticide: needs of mother/group were put above baby, child did not have a soul until it was named. Names passed down through generations

everything was scarce, so don't waste anything bathing rare because it was so cold

Once you cannot help family survive (you are burden), you ask for suicide

hunting: seal, shark, whales

clothing made of skins and fur sleds

snow house (what we think of as igloo), dome house

hunt smaller game

artic large open boat, hunt big stuff like sharks and whales

Humans had 3 souls:

1. immortal: reincarnated after death

2. one that dies when you die

3. soul associated with your name

spirits were good and bad deities gods and goddesses

Impact was not as fast WW II: military bases were set up that drew into economy

claims against government for taking land: awarded land, money, and rights for hunting and fishing

climate change melts ice alcohol and sugar: negative effect on diet and social behaviors

Russia was there for fish, US exerted more control to extract resources.

Japanese bombed one island. US used this as an excuse to relocate Unangan to "concentration camps" in US.

wealthy, commoner, slaves: women and children who spoke different languages

winter villages and summer camps: gather resources house in village in confederation. Head of village and head of confederation

birth: isolation puberty not celebrated marriage: exchange of gifts, then man works for wife's family for a few years death: mourning and isolation of 40 days burial: mummies, remove internal organs

fishing and birds and sea mammals

winter: semi subterranean summer: cave or tent

little known because of Russian disruption, but seems to be compatible with Christianity

souls: not just human sea otters: soul of human reincarnated Shaman: generally male,

art highly valued singing, dancing, storytelling games and competitions wrestling and chess

British fur trade disrupted economy, company controlled Inuit of Quebec land for Britain.

bands in summer winters families dispersed

birth: naming (reincarnation) childhood: mixed gender roles if there was only one gender of kid Becoming adult: 1st menses (tattoo), men first kill Marriage: arranged in infancy

fishing and hunting (birds, eggs, plants, walrus, whales, caribou) used kayaks: could not swim because ocean so cold it kills you (wasn't useful)

1st humans spoke same language as animals respect animals because of reincarnation

sculptures music: throat singing and drum dancing

return to traditional lifestyles