Chapter 24 Urinary System

________ is a porous middle layer that contains glycoprotein and proteoglycan molecules which restricts passage of large plasma proteins.

________ is also known as kidney stones which are formed from crystalline minerals building up in the kidneys.

________ is the excretion of glucose in urine where plasma glucose levels are above 300mg /dL.

________ includes positions in body, sections of the kidney, and nephrons ins the kidney.

The kidney functions to eliminate ________, regulate ion levels, regulate pH levels, regulate blood pressure, climate biological molecule elimination, forms calcitriol, produces and releases erythropoietin, and Gluconeogenesis.

Increase in ________ increases GFR, solutes, h2o, substance in urine, and decreases.

________ is the contraction of smooth muscle of afferent arteriole wall with decrease blood pressure and less stretch of smooth muscle in arteriole that causes smooth muscle cells to relax and vessels to dilate which allows more blood into glomerulus.

________ are separated by thin spaces.

________ is formed as it flow through the glomerulus.

________ are long processes.

________ is fenestrated which allows plasma and dissolved substances to be filtered however it restricts passage of large structure (for example erythrocytes)

________ regulates blood filtrate and systemic B.P.

________ are specialized cells.

________ function to synthesize, store, release renin, and contract when stretched.

________: intrinsic ability of kidney to maintain constant blood pressure and GFR.

________ is the outermost layer that has podocyte, pedicels, and filtration slits that restricts passage of most small proteins.

________ is tightly regulated and helps kidney control urine production based on physiologic conditions also known as hydration status.

________ is the movement of solutes out of blood within peritubular and vases recta capillaries into tubular fluid by active transport where after those materials are moved selectively into tubules and are excreted.

________ (GFR) is the rate at which filtrate volume (per unit of time) is formed.

________ are a result of inadequate fluid intake, reduced urinary flow, frequent urinary tract infections, abnormal chemical or minerals levels in urine.

________ as an osmotic diuretic that pulls water into tubular fluid and causes loss of fluid in urine which is a classic symptom of diabetes along with frequent urination and thirst.

Each ________ is innervated by both divisions of autonomic nervous system.