Studied by 63 peopleHow does a plant respond to the environment
by turning towards the sun
Example of an adaption
Abmeoba has a structure that allows it to pump out excess water from it's body
what does a horse gain energy from
the grass it eats
when does a Caterpillar undergo dramatic changes
as it grows and develops
what are all organisms composed of
cells and cells are the smallest unit of life
levels of organization from simple to complex:
molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
cells work together to form
tissues
tissues that function together make
organs
the molecular level:
DNA, proteins, carbs, and lipids
genetics
the study of heredity
Anatomy
The study of body structure
Botany
study of plants
Ecology
the study of the environment
what is a hypothesis
an attempt to explain an event or a set of observations
what are carefully designed experiments useful for
testing hypotheses
what are the 2 parts of an experiment
the experimental set up and the control set up
what is a microscope
an instrument that produces enlarged images of a specimen. The best light microscope can magnify up to 1500 times.
the parts of the microscope:
body tube, revolving nose piece, scanning, high power objective, low power objective, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, ocular lens, arm, stage, coarse focus, fine focus, and base
ocular lens:
10x magnification
low power objective:
10x magnification, 100x total magnification
high power objective:
40x magnification, 400x total magnification
what does good resolution mean
the image is clear
what is an atom
the smallest particle of an element that has the element's properties
what are the 3 particles that make up an atom
proton, neutron and electron
first energy level in an atom:
can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
atomic number:
determined by the number of protons in an element
atomic mass:
determined by the number of protons and neutrons in an element
organic molecules:
any molecule with carbon including the carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
inorganic molecules:
water, carbon dioxide or CO2, and carbon monoxide or CO are inorganic molecules
carbon:
has 6 electrons - 4 are available for bonding
functional groups:
groups of atoms that carry out chemical reactions
monomer:
small building block molecules
polymers:
molecules made by linking 2 or more monomers
dehydration:
process of removing water to form a compound
hyrolysis
process of splitting a molecule with water
what are 3 elements that make up carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What are monosaccharides
glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose
what are the disaccharides
sucorse (table sugar), and lactose (milk sugar)
What are polysaccharides
chitin, cellulose, glycogen, and starch
chitin:
exoskeleton of certain animals
cellulose:
cell walls of plants, gives plants support
glycogen:
how animals store excess sugar
starch:
how plants store excess sugar
what are the lipids
fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
peptide:
consist of 2 or more amino acids and they make up proteins
saturated fats:
like butter are made of fatty acids containing no double bonds
aminoo acid:
contains an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group and the peptide bond forms between these two groups when amino acid bond to each other
enzymes:
proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body
cell theory:
all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life comes from preexisting cells
diffusion:
net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis:
diffusion of water
hypotonic solution:
the concentration of solutes is lower than the concentration f solutes inside the cells so water moves into the cell
hypertonic solution:
the concentration of solutes is higher than the concentrations of solutes inside the cells so the water moves out of the cells
isotonic solution:
concentration of solutes is equal
active transport:
uses energy to take molecules across the membrane
bulk transport:
moves large molecules across the membrane
endocytosis:
brings in large molecules in bulk
exocytosis:
removes large molecules in bulk
cell cycle:
phases of the life of the cell
interphase:
period of growth prior to division
cell division:
made up of mitosis and cytokinesis
what happens during the s phase of interphase
the chromosomes replicate
phases of mitosis:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
gametes:
sexual reproductive cells that result from meiosis
zygote:
single cells that result from sexual reproduction
what are homologous pairs
matching pairs of chromosomes
Meiosis 1:
separates homologous pairs of chromosomes
meiosis 2:
separates sister chromatid
trait:
any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring
hybrid:
gets different genetic information from each parent
each of Mendel's traits:
occurred in 2 distinct observable forms
purebred plants:
produce only plants like themselves when they self fertilize
recessive trait:
what Mendel called the trait that did not show up in the hybrid
allele:
different versions of a gene for the same trait
genotype:
the actual genetic makeup of an organism
heterozygous:
an organism with 2 alleles for a trait that are different
Punnett Square:
a grid that shows all the possible results of a genetic cross
incomplete dominance:
not dominant or recessive alleles, the heterozygote shows an in between of the 2 homozygous phenotypes
co dominance:
when both homozygous phenotypes show up in the heterzygous
example of co dominance:
AB blood type
examples of polygenic traits:
eyes, skin and hair color
(Know how to work all types of genetic problems that we have covered up to midterm.)
.
linked gene:
when genes are close together on the same chromosome
sex-linked gene:
applies to the genes that are located on the sex chromosome
(know how to work sex linked problems and pedigree.)
.
what did Walter Sutton say
chromosomes are the basis of heredity
what did Theodor Boveri say
male sperm nuclei and female egg nuclei were equivalent in the amount of hereditary information
what did Bateson and Punnet do
they co-discovered gene-linkage and re-did Mendel's experiments
Recombinants:
result of crossing over
what did Thomas Hunt Morgan do
conducted statistical studies of the way genetic traits are passed on in fruit flies
Down Syndrome mutation:
-non-disjunction
-trisomy 21
-moon face
-thick or protruding tongue
Klinefelters Syndrome mutation:
-non-dis-junction
-trisomy 23
-only in males
-have feminine features
Cri du chat syndrome mutation:
-structural
-deletion of the 5th chromosome
-cat like cry
-small head, low birth weight
Turner's Syndrome mutation:
-non-disjunction
-monosomy
-webbed neck, short stature
-only in women
What did Nettie Stevens do
one of the first scientists to find that sex is determined by a particular configuration of chromosomes
Note
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