Science

An organism invisible to the naked eye, especially one that causes disease

An organism that causes disease

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, cause disease by releasing toxins. example: strep throat.

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. covid.

made of misshapen proteins, attack other proteins like the nervous system. Mad cow disease.

Can colonise the skin or other surfaces like the mouth and genital tract. Usually results from an imbalance of the body’s normal, healthy bacteria. Thrush, ringworm.

Have complex life cycles (more than one host organism). Malaria, Dengue fever.

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another

a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another, caused by lifestyle or environment e.g. asthma, diabetes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

Types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B and T cells

lymphocyte that produce antibodies

Protein that is produced by B cell that attaches to a specific antigen.

Cells that attack infected cells

A part of a pathogen; triggers the immune response

A medicine used to kill bacteria

weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies

the condition in which an organism can resist disease

The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

A microbe is only considered a pathogen if it causes a disease.

When a pathogen is passed directly from person to person through shared bodily fluids, sexual contact, touching skin, pregnancy, biting.

When a pathogen is passed from person to person with no direct contact between them, airborne transmission, surface contact, contaminated food or water, “droplet” infection, vector transmission (through another organism e.g. mosquitoes).

Prevention, can be physical or chemical. examples: sweat which contains antimicrobial properties, that attack bacteria, Mucus lining of the stomach is another physical barrier, Intact skin forms a physical barrier, Acidic environment and digestive enzymes disrupt microbes.

Non specific responses that try to destory invader, triggered by non-self antigens, the purpose of the second line of defense is to stop a full-on invasion by a pathogen. In the case of bacteria, it is aiming to stop out-of-control reproduction which can overwhelm the infected tissue. In the case of virus, it is aiming to stop the infection of host cells.

For example, blood flows to the affected area and it becomes red, warm and swollen.

White blood cells are being sent to the area to fight the pathogen, e.g. phagocytes.

When phagocytes hunt down and destroy the pathogen it is called phagocytosis.

Specific to the pathogen that is attacking the body.

B cells produced proteins called antibodies which bind onto markers on pathogens to identify them

Each type of pathogen has unique markers

Once an antibody binds to a pathogen, the B cell releases millions of matching antibodies into the blood to fight the pathogen.

The B cell then clones itself into plasma cells to form an army which continues to release antibodies to fight and neutralize the pathogen.

After the infection is defeated, some B cells remain in the blood as memory cells, along with leftover antibodies.

H2O

CO2

H2

O2

NH3

NaCl

HCl

HNO3

H2SO4

CH3OOOH

NaOH

Na2CO3

Ca(OH)2

Acid+Base→Salt+Water

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Metal Carbonate → Metal Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

The energy of the sun is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular respiration is the process by which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy within cells.

the total quantity or mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

Anything that moves energy from one place to another.

The substance that the wave moves through e.g. water, air.

Vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel. e.g. light, EM scale

Vibrate parallel to the direction of travel. e.g. sound.

The distance in metres from any point on a wave to the exact same point on the next wave.

The number of waves that pass a point in one second. (Hz)

the maximum displacement of a periodic wave

v=fλ

are longitudinal, and require a medium to travel in.

sound is produced by a vibrating object which causes particles near to vibrate which causes a chain reaction and the sound moves.

Amplitude of a sound wave, the greater the amplitude, the louder it is.

Frequency of a sound wave, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.

are transverse, do not require a medium.

Light waves reflect from reflective surfaces e.g. mirror.

The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

The light is absorbed into the surface. e.g. brick, wood.

curving inward, image is upside down, in car headlights.

curving or bulging outward, image is enlarged, in makeup mirrors.

When light passes from one medium to another and it changes speed, causing the light wave to change direction.

the name given to a group of energy waves that can travel through empty space.

Radio Waves → Microwaves → Infrared →Visible light → UV → x-rays → gamma rays

Pangaea and the idea the continents were joined together.

fossils from some species can be found on opposite sides of major oceans (e.g Mesosaurus fossils in South America and Africa)

identical rock composition and mountain structures found on opposite sides of oceans.

Coal deposits (which suggest tropical climates) have been found in cold areas, glacial erosion has been found in warm areas.

The theory that the Earth’s lithosphere (crust and outer mantle) is a number of tectonic plates that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

Thicker, less dense.

thinner, more dense.

Convection currents in the earth's mantle.

Hot rock rises upwards and toward the crust.

The crust forces the hot rock to move outwards.

Rock cools and moves down towards the core.

New oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges and slowly moves from where it is formed.

When the earth’s magnetic field reverses, a new stripe, with different polarity, begins.

This led to the recognition of seafloor spreading.

Convergent, divergent, transform

where two tectonic plates push together, can form volcanoes, ocean trenches, mountain ranges.

where two tectonic plates spread apart, can form mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes, seafloor spreading.

where two tectonic plates slide against one another, can cause earthquakes.

Oceanic crust goes under continental crust