AP Psych Unit 5 Cognition Psychology

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

underlies all mental abilities and therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

believe we each have 1 g that is center of all intelligent behavior found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items/factors on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies a person total score spearman worked with this to prove his stance on g

believe 7 clusters of primary mental abilities (word, fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory) and a high score in 1 usually mean high score in others

identify 8 relatively independent intelligence (naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-maths, linguistic and possible 9th ability to ponder deep questions) and they come from different departments/packages

condition in which a person is limited in mental ability but have an exceptional special skill ( suggest that intelligence is a diverse set of distinct abilities)

agrees with Gardner but suggest 3 intelligence

analytical(academic problem solving and assessed with tests with only 1 right answer that predict grades and career success) creative(shown thru innovation smarts, adaption ability, generate novel ideas) practical (required for everyday tasks that have many answers with no direct instructions)

1. multiple abilities contribute to success

2. different varieties of giftedness bring spice to life and education challenge

passion and perseverance in long-term goal pursuits

success

the know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions critical part of social intelligence

1. perceive - recognizing emotions in faces, music, stories, and oneself

2. understanding - predicting emotions and they change

3. managing - knowing how to express emotions in varied situations and how to manage others

4. using - emotions to facilitate adaptive/creative thinking

summary - basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas strengths- different abilities do have some tendency to correlate other considerations - human abilities are too diverse to be under 1 general intelligence factor

summary - our intelligence may be broken down into 7 distinct factors strengths - more information that=n 1 g score other considerations - 7 abilities tend to cluster suggesting an underlying g factor

summary - abilities classify 8/9 independent intelligences beyond school smarts strengths - intelligence is more than verbal and math skills/ other skills are important to adaptations other considerations - Should all abilities be considered as intelligences? some be called less vital talents?

summary - classified in 3 area's that predict real-world success analytical, practical, creative strengths - areas can be reasonably measured other considerations - categories are less independent and may share an underlying g factor

summary - social intelligence is an important indicator of life success emotional intelligence is a kay factor consisting in perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions strengths - these 4 components predict social success and emotional well-being other considerations - does this stretch the concept of intelligence too far?

method for assessing one's mental aptitudes and comparing with other using number scores

assess what 1 has learned

predict one's future performance or ability to learn apitude means capacity to learn

wonder if possible to measure mental ability and believed genius is inherited but couldn't create a test to show correlation

level of performance associate with children of age

changed and used Binet test for us and extended it to adults to find inborn intelligence

widely used American revised of Binet test

ratio of mental age to actual age and compare to the average score, usually 100

Terman alike to Galton's eugenics used them to figure out who is unsmart/unfit and restrict reproduction Terman believe score shows mental abilities Abuse of test for immigrant screening

created by David Wechsler most widely use intelligent test containing verbal and nonverbal performance sees score of individual topics and shows strengths or weaknesses

similarities - reasoning the commonality between 2 objects ex wool and cotton vocab - name picture objects or define words block design - visual abstract processing letter/number sequencing - hearing number/letters and repeat in order

standardized reliable and validity

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful score by comparison with performance of a pretest group we need comparison for the score to mean something or else it is just a number

describes the distribution of physical and psychological attributes most data is near mean/center

James Flynn says performance on intelligent test increase because of our need to develop new mental skills to cope with modern environment The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of score by checking using 2 halves of test(odd vs even), alternate forms or retesting if no reliability score doesn't mean anything highest correlation between original score and retests = more reliable

score doesn't mean anything

= more reliable

the extent to which a test measures of predicts what it is supposed to

extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

success with which a test predicts the behavior its designed assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

younger children

group of people sharing common characteristics

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tend to increase with age

ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease with age

gain = knowledge, vocab, wisdom lose = memory processing speed

research that compares people of different ages of some point in time

research that follows and retest the same people overtime

fluid intelligence is at its peak

Crystallized intelligence is at its peak

1. intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, a healthier environment

2. intelligent encourage healthy living less smoking and more exercise

3. prenatal events and early childhood illnesses might influence both intelligence and health

4. intellectual people tend to respond and perceive stimuli quickly

a condition of limited mental ability by have a score of 70 or below on intelligence test and difficulty adapting to life demands

condition mild to severe intellect disability and associated physical disorder caused by extra copy of chromosome 21

1. score less than 70

2. struggle adapting to life demands: conceptual - language, reading, concepts of money time and numbers social - interpersonal skills social responsibility following rules practical - health personal care occupational skill and travel

share mental abilities

proportion of variation among people in a group that we can attribute to genes

polygenic

believed intelligence is changeable and must have a growth mindset

help link hard work and success more resilient

success

boys vs girls men vs women girls are better at spelling, verbal fluency, locating objects, detecting emotions, sensitivity to touch taste color boys are better at spatial ability and complex math problems

argues biology affects gender differences women have greater interest in people men have greater interest in money and things

in America men have more job in math in Asia/Russia girls are better at science sections in tests

average intelligent test scores

environment

science definition - test's validity cultural definition - intelligent test bias bc of different cultural experiences so apitude test inaccurate

a self-confirming concern that will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

can do abilities and will do motivation