Information and organizations chapter 3 terms

Database

An organized collection of data

Database management system (DBMS)

is a group of programs that: o Manipulate the database o Provide an interface between the database and its users and other application programs

bit

represents a circuit that is either on or off

byte

is made up of eight bits

Field

A name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

Record

A collection of related data fields

File

a collection of related records

Hierarchy of data

bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

Entity

a person, place, or thing for which data is collected, stored, and maintained

Attribute

a characteristic of an entity

Data item

the specific value of an attribute

Primary key

a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

Content

what data should be collected? cost?

Access

what data should be provided to which users and when?

Logical structure

how should data be arranged so that it makes sense?

Physical organization

where should data be physically located?

Archiving

how long to store?

Security

how can data be protected?

Data model

a diagram of data entities and their relationships

Enterprise data modeling

data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise

Entity-relationship diagrams

data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data

Relational model

a simple but highly useful way to organize data into collections of two-dimensional tables called relations

Domain

range of allowable values for a data attribute

Selecting

eliminating rows according to certain criteria

Projecting

eliminating columns in a table

Joining

combining two or more tables

Linking

combining two or more tables through common data attributes to form a new table with only the unique data attributes

Data Cleansing

The process of detecting and then correcting or deleting incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate, irrelevant records that reside in a database

Data validation

Which involves the identification of “bad data” and its rejection at the time of data entry

Relational Database Management Systems

Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals

SQL Databases

a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational database

Schema

a description of the entire database

Data definition language

A collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database

Allows the database’s creator to describe data and relationships that are to be contained in the schema

Data dictionary

a detailed description of all the data used in the database

Can also include a description of data flows, information about the way records are organized, and the data-processing requirements

Query by Example (QBE)

is a visual approach to developing database queries or requests

Data manipulation language (DML)

a specific language, provided with a DBMS

Allows users to access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports

Database administrators (DBAs)

skilled and trained IS professionals

o Works with users to define their data needs o Applies database programming languages to craft a set of databases to meet those needs o Tests and evaluates databases o Implements changes to improve their databases’ performance o Assures that data is secure from unauthorized access

Data administrator

a nontechnical position responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues

Database as a Service (DaaS)

The database is stored on a service provider’s servers

o The database is accessed by the client over a network, typically the Internet o Database administration is handled by the service provider

Three characteristics of big data

o Volume o Velocity o Variety

Data management

o An integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained, certified fit for use, stored, secured, and processed in such a way as to ensure that the accessibility, reliability, and timeliness of the data meet the needs of the data users within an organization

Data governance

o Defines the roles, responsibilities, and processes for ensuring that data can be trusted and used by an entire organization

Data lifecycle management (DLM)

A policy-based approach to managing the flow of an enterprise’s data

Data warehouse

a large database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise in support of management decision making

ETL process

o Extract o Transform o Load

Data mart

a subset of a data warehouse that is used by small- and mediumsized businesses and departments within large companies to support decision making

Data lake

takes a “store everything” approach to big data, saving all the data in its raw and unaltered form

Hadoop

o An open-source software framework that includes several software modules that provide a means for storing and processing extremely large data sets

Two primary components of a Hadoop

o A data processing component (MapReduce) o A distributed file system (Hadoop Distributed File System, HDFS)

In-memory database (IMDB)

A database management system that stores the entire database in random access memory (RAM) o Provides access to data at rates much faster than storing data on some form of secondary storage o Enables the analysis of big data and other challenging data-processing applications o Performs best on multiple multicore CPUs