Anatomy Final Exam

general and normal-sized expansion as produced by the accretion of tissue like the original tissue or organ.

Double muscled cattle (muscle mass doesn’t shut down until a while after maturity)

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, accretion

increase in tissue associated with cell proliferation (increase in cell numbers)

Increase in the size of cells

Enlargement of cell size associated with gradual build up of intracellular components.

hypertrophy and accretion

adipose tissue and bone

genetics, selective breeding, nutrition, environment, domestication

genetics + environment = phenotype, impacted by both evolution and humans

Complex and highly regulation progression of event that includes a lot of cellular replication. Different cell lineage will develop into different tissues.

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

single cell that have the ability to produce ALL the different cells of the body.

cells hat have the potential to differentiate into different germ layers (MANY things)

The cell can potentially develop into multiple cell types at fertilization. (SOME things)

GIT and Respiratory System

Muscle, bone, blood vascular, urogenital

Nervous system, sensory, and epidermis

ovum, embryonic, fetal

The egg is released and merges with the sperm, creating a zygote

The end of cell division.

Implantation of the zygote into the uterus.

Interphase (cellular growth and duplication of DNA) and M phase (separation of DNA into two sets of daughter cells)

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis

series of cell division cycles of the zygote to form the morula.

development of the morula into a blastula

development of the blastula to a gastrula

formation of organs and tissues

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

True, skeletal does not

GH, IGF-1, Steroids, T3 and T4

HPA Axis, catacolamines

liver, bone, skeletal muscle

reduced glucose transport and metabolism, lipolysis, and transport of AA

increase muscle mass, primary signal for IGF-1

Agromely

primary endocrine factor regulation changes in muscle mass

GH

IGF-1 P3-K positive impact, IGF-1 M/S3 negative impact

increase protein synthesis and decrease proteolysis

decrease protein synthesis and increase proteolysis

binds to specific intracellular androgen receptors in muscle to increase protein synthesis. Also decreases proteolysis.

GH

skeletal muscle, bone, and adipose with an increase in both protein synthesis and proteolysis.

closure of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Increases muscle cell’s ability to uptake amino acids, lipids, and glucose…. glucose increases the glycogen in muscles.

protein and glycogen

direct interaction with IGF-1 to promote protein synthesis.

differentiation of muscle progenitor cells

maintenance and repair of cells

the balance between protein synthesis and degradation of tissue proteins.

positive protein turnover with increased synethsis

negative protein turnover with increased degradation

genetic, endocrine, immune, nutrition, physiological, environment.

GH, IGF-1, Insulin, Testosterone, Estrogen

glucagon, glucocorticoids, catecholamines

True

stimulation of IGF-1

promoting protein synthesis

inhibiting protein degradation and enhancing energy directed to protein synthesis

promoting protein synthesis

stimulating protein degradation and blocking the effect of inulin binding receptor

protein breakdown

protein breakdown

Insulin/IGF-1-Akt-mTOR and Myostatin/Activin-A Pathway

UPP, Calpain/Calpastatin Proteolysis, Apoptosis

E1 (activates), E2 (conjugates), E3 (ligase)

Attaches to target protein breakdown

19S, 19S, 20S proteosome

intracellular Ca2+ dependent protease enzyme that identifies and targets proteins for processing.

µ, m, skeletal muscle, and calpastatin

inhibits calpain functions

caspases and cathepsins

isolated cells in a matrix of collagen fibers impregnated with a vast amount of calcium salts

calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite

A crystal-like molecule with Ca2+ ions produced by osteoblasts.

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, ostecytes

single nucleated cell

multi nucleated cell

most common cell type that regulates bone mass

bone growth that extends the length of bone

epiphyseal plates

hyaline cartilage, mostly collagen

resting, proliferation, hypertrophic

stem like cells serve as the primary pool for growth

resting zone that have differentiated into proliferation

chondrocytes that calcify the proteoglycan of the growth plate

GH-IGF-1 Axis, estrogen (seals off plate), T3/T4, Leptin

glucocorticoids, catecholamines

very potent stimulator of bone growth and is directly driven by the release of GH.

proliferation/differentiation in the resting zone and alignment in the hypertrophic zone.

maturation in the proliferation zone and hypertrophy in the hypertrophic zone

collagen, proteoglycans, alkaline phosphatase

Longitudinal bars become calcified

bone mineralization, production of VEGF, growth plate maturation, proliferation of osteoblasts, enhance GH-IGF-1 Axis

simulate and regulate bone growth

stimulate maturation and closing of growth plate

regulate bone turnover

endocrine, immune, metabolic, reproduction

Old include: protection, thermal regulation, energy