MicroBio Final Review

Know the major anti-malarial drug treatments

Chloroquine

Know which anti-fungal is most commonly used to treat fungal infections of the respiratory system

(Most drug names that end in -azole are antifungals)

• Metronidazole

• Amphotericin B

Know the major food-borne toxins that we discussed

• Clostridium Botulinum

• Scombrotoxic fish poisoning

• Dinoflagellate (ciguatoxin)

• Bacillus Cereus (rice)

• Campylobacter Jejunii (chicken)

• Salmonella Enterica

Know what type of tissue prions are found in

Neural Tissue

Most broad spectrum of antibiotics and and other microbial drugs

Tetracycline

Know the characteristics of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and be able to recognize an example of this type of E. coli strain

• Most of the damage is done by shiga-toxin

• Induces pedestals in intestine

• Shiga-toxin producing strain

what is usually the ultimate cause of death in a Vibrio cholerae infection

Massive fluid loss (serious dehydration)

Know all of the different names by which the herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles is known

• Human Herpes Virus 3

• Varicella-Zoster

• Herpes-Zoster

Which viruses cause latent infection? What tissue these viruses remain latent.

• HTLV-1 and -2 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus)

• HHV-1 and HHV-2

• HSV-1 usually remains latent

• Chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster) remains latent

• HIV and remains latent

• Cytomegalovirus - probably remains latent?

what type of polio vaccine is currently recommended by the CDC for use in the US and why

Enhanced-inactivated polio vaccine

Transmission of rabies

Bitten by an animal and then it travels through your nervous system

Prevention of Rabies

Wash animal bites and scratches with soap and water and get medical attention as soon as possible

Treatment of rabies

Rabies Vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin

which protozoan species can cause meningitis

• Naegleria Fowleri

• Acanthamoeba

which bacterial species can cause meningitis

• Listeria

• Haemophilus

• Neisseria Meningitis

• Streptococcus pneumonia

How does botulinum toxin acts to damage the host when it is ingested

It blocks the release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis—death is from respiratory and cardiac failure

All the ways Zika virus has been shown to be transmitted

• Mosquitoes

• sexually

• mother to child during pregnancy

Which type of bacteria has LPS (endotoxin) and can cause endotoxic shock

Gram Negative Sepsis

Gram positive Bacteria

• Staphylococcus

• Streptococcus

• bacillus

• listeria

Gram Negative Bacteria

• Clostridium

• Borrelia

• Salmonella

• ribio chlorae

• campylobacter

• cryptosporidium

why brucellosis is called undulant fever

It spikes at night and goes down during the day

which infectious agent causes Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

what arthropod transmits the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

• Caused by Rickettsia Rickettsii

• Transmitted by a dog tick

what are swollen lymph nodes are called

Buboes (bubonic plague)

diseases of the circulatory system that are caused by bacteria

• Tuberculosis

• Sepsis

• Rheumatic fever

• Pericarditis

• Endocarditis

diseases of the circulatory system that are caused by protozoa

• Malaria

• Toxoplasmosis

• chagas disease

• Leishmaniasis

• Babesiosis

Epstein-Barr virus (Human Herpesvirus 4, HHV-4)

• Many childhood infections are asymptomatic

• Transmitted via saliva

• characterized by proliferation of monocytes

• most people in the US have been exposed and have antibodies against it by adulthood

the infectious agent that causes Chagas' disease

• Causing Agent: Trypanosoma Cruzi

• Kissing Bug

the infectious agent that causes sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense)

Tsetse Fly

Which type of hypersensitive response is involved in a positive tuberculosis skin test

T-cell mediated delayed hypersensitive reaction (Type 4)

Which bacterial respiratory infection is transmitted primarily by inhalation of contaminated water droplets from cooling systems

Legionellosis

The most common cause of respiratory disease in infants

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

What the spike proteins on the influenza virus are called

• neuraminidase (NA) spikes

• hemagglutinin (HA) spikes

HA spikes (hemagglutinin)

allow the virus to recognize and attach to body cells before infecting them (500 on each virus)

(NA) spikes

enzymatically help the virus separate from the infected cell as the virus exits after intracellular reproduction (100 on each virus)

Which infectious agent causes 'primary atypical pneumonia'

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Which infectious agent causes most cases of pneumonia

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Which bacterial infection of the intestine is usually produced by elimination of normal intestinal flora by a course of antibiotics

Clostridium difficile

Which food-borne pathogens cause illness primarily by production of toxin in food before it is eaten, rather than during an infection

Botulism- Clostridium botulinum toxin

What organ of the digestive system is infected by the mumps virus

Salivary Glands

How Helicobacter pylori neutralizes stomach acid

uses a urease to cut urea and makes a localized less acidic environment which allows it to survive long enough to start burrowing in your stomach lining

Which bacterial disease of the digestive system is particularly dangerous for malnourished people and people taking antacids, and why

Vibrio Cholerae, they have less stomach acid and less access to clean water

The most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children

Rotavirus

What are the symptoms of the respiratory infection diphtheria

Leathery membrane forms in the throat and can block breathing

What is the causative agent respiratory infection diphtheria

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

Which class of antibody is involved in Type I hypersensitive reactions

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

What cell types are involved in Type IV hypersensitive reactions

T cells

Which type of hypersensitive reaction is the reaction against blood group antigens

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

How clinical AIDS is defined in terms of the T helper cell population

• A decrease in the T helper cell population indicates the progression of HIV into AIDS '

• CD4+ T cell population drops to 200 cells per uL

How long after HIV exposure does it usually take for 'seroconversion' to occur?

Can be as long as 3 months