AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Organelles and Membrane Functions, Chapter 6 - 7

Study of chemical processes in cells

Prokaryotic

• Bacteria and archea

• Membrane free nucleiod and structures

Eukaryotic

• Fungi, animals and plants

• Membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Membrane enclosed structure in a cell

Fluid present in interior of the cell

Phospholipid bilayer with various protiens, enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids that encase a cell and organelles

Location of DNA and directs protien synthesis

Double layered membrane sorrounding nucleus

Net-like layer of protiens that supports the shape of nucleur envelope from the inside

Big coils of DNA wrapped around the protein histone

Inner region of nucleos where RNA is transcribed

Non membrane bound structure, made of rna and protiens, carries out protien synthesis

Free Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Make protiens that function in cytosol

Bound Ribosomes

• Held in membranes

• Make protiens that function in membranes

Nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulm, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles and plasma membrane.

Carries out protien synthesis, protien transport, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxing poisons

Sacks made of mebrane that transport protiens

Folded membranes that sorround the nuclear envelope

ER without ribosomes in membrane

• Synthesis of lipids

• Detoxing poisons

• Metabolizing carbohydrates

• Storing calcium ions

ER with ribosomes in the membrane

• Creates glycoproteins in lumen(inner area)

• Glycoproteins: Protein with carbohydrate attached

Area of the ER used to transport proteins through transport vesicles

Processes, stores, and ships out products/protiens from ER. Made of many membrane sacks called cisternae. Finishes proteins from ER and creates non-protien products.

Recieves and absorbs product of the ER

Ships finished products out

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes to digest/hydrolyze macromolecules. Acidic interior. Made by ER and Golgi App

Unicellular protists eat by engulfing particles, forms food particle

Recycling products/materials in a cell

Large vesicle that serves as storage, different internal pH than cytosol. Carries out enzymatic hydrolysis in plants and fungi.

Pumps water from a cell

Large vacuole in mature plant cells, contains "cell sap" and inorganic ions. Grows and allows the cell to grow without new cytoplasm

Carries out cellular respiration. Found in almost all eukaryotic cells.

Contains its own ribosomes and DNA. Contains a folded inner membrane, folds called cristae

Cite of photosynthesis. Found only in plant cells. It is a plastid, a series of closely realted plant organelles including amyloplast and chromoplast.

Stroma is the inner liquid, like cytosol. It contains ribosomes and DNA. Thylacoids are stacked to form granules.

Single membrane bound metabolic compartment. Removes hydrogen atoms to create H2O2, then creates H2O. Breaks down fatty acids, detoxifys alcohol, etc

Peroxixomes found in fat storing tissue of plant seeds, used to make fatty acids into sugars

The network of microtubules, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and microfilaments in a cell. Provides structure and anchors organelles.

Movement of a cell and its organelles

Guide organelles along microtubules of the cytoskeleton to transport them

Compression resisting hollow rods made of the protien tubulins. Shape and support the cell, provide tracks for organelles to move.

Tubulin dimers(joined alpha and beta), make up structure. The plus end of the structure is able to gain and lose tubulin more quickly than the other end.

9 sets of triplet microtubules in a ring shape.

Area near nucleous where most microtubules originate. Contains two centrioles(sometimes)

Area at the base of microtubules that exit extracellular space. Structure of microtubules are covered by membrane and anchored to cell.

Protiens that cause the movement of cilia and flagella.

Long, tail like structure that aids in movement of the cell

Hair like structures that aid in movement of the cell

Nonmotile, recieve signals for the cell

9+2 pattern, 9 doublets of microtubules wrapped around 2 single microtubules

Thin, solid rods made from actin(protien) twisted double chain. Thinner than microtubules. Tension bearing.

Just inside membranes, provide support to structure

Bigger than microfiliments and smaller than microtubules. Found in some animal cells, diverse group made of keratin protiens. More permanent and structually supportive, make up nuclear lamina.

Microfilament

• Actin double helix

• Flexible but strong

Microtubules

• Alpha and beta tubulin tubes

• Stiff

Outer cytoplasmic layer of cell

Protien that interacts with microfiliments to contract muscle cells

Used by some cells for movement, myosin reliant

Circular motion of cytoplasm in plant cells, allowing recources to be distributed. Reliant on microfiliments

Structure found in plant cells. Microfibrils made of cellulose join with other polysaccharides and protiens

• Primary, weak wall is made

• Cell either strengthens original wall or creates second cell wall with a durable matrix

Area between two cell walls of different cells. Contains pencin, which holds the walls together

Structures outside a cell that coordinate it's behavior. Constructed of glycoprotiens and carbohydrate containing molecules

Protien found in extracellular matrix. 40% of protien in the human body

Protien core with carbohydrate chain

Glycoprotien that bonds to integrins(receptor protiens)

Channels that connect seperate plant cells

Animal cells bond closely together, preventing anything from separating them

Intermediate filaments pull to hold cells together, occurs with animal cells

Protiens from the membranes extend to create tunnels, occurs with animal cells

A molecule with a hydrophobic and hydrophillic end

The modern theory that the cell membrane is full of constantly moving and fluid parts

• Held together by hydrophobic interactions

• Lipids can fully flip around

• Protiens can shift over time or be moved by cytoskeleton

Unsaturated(Plant)

• Fluid, kinks are harder to compact

• Less cholesterol Saturated(Animal)

• Solid, no kinks are easier to compact

• More cholestorol

Acts as fluidity buffer, restrains movement but also makes it harder to pack

Protiens that extend the entire length of the membrane. Usually contain hydrophyllic passages

Loosely bound to one side of the membrane. Could be attatched by cytoskeleton

Carbohydrates bonded to lipids found in the membrane

Carbohydrates attatched to protiens found in the membrane

Act as markers and communicators to other cells

Membrane's ability to control what comes in and out. Hydrophobic molecules pass easily. Polar pass slowly and ionic have a harder time

Allow hydrophillic and ionic molecules to pass through membranes easier.

Channel - Create channel for hydrophillic molecules Aquaporins - Transfer water Carrier protiens - Forms around compounds and brings them through membrane

Diffusion of a molecule to create an equalibrium

Movement of free water to balance solution concentrations

Ability of sorrounding solution to affect a cell's water concentration

Equal solution inside and outside of cell, equal movement of water back and forth

More solute and less free water outside cell, cell loses water

Less solute and more free water outside cell, cell gains water

Isotonic - Flacid: Cell is flimsy and wilty Hypertonic - Plasmolyosis: Membrane shrivels away from cell wall, withers and dies Hypotonic - Turgid: Cell swells, stressing cell wall and creating stiffness

Isotonic - Normal Hypertonic - Shiveled Hypotonic - Lysed: Cell swells and bursts

Diffusion of polar and ionic molecules through transport protiens, form of passive diffusion

Cell needs to expend energy because it moves against the concentration gradient. Powered by ATP hydrolysis

Voltage across membrane, negative on cytoplamic side compared to extracellular side

The chemical and electrical forces acting on ions

Transport protien that generates voltage

Electrogenic pump used in plants, pumps out H+

A transport protien uses the energy from brining in a molecule to push out another molecule

vesicles

The process by which large molecules are secreted from the membrane after being transported by vesicles

The process by which large molecules are brought into the cell and transported by vesicles

Cell ingulfs a particle and metabolizes it

Cell takes in drops of extracellular fluid