Chapter 19/21 Napoleons

Coup D’Etat (1799)

• New form of republic is formed with a constitution that established a bicameral legislative assembly

• Formed the consulate and gave executive powers to 3 consuls

• Abbe Sieyes, R. Ducos, and Napoleon stage a coup, eventually putting Napoleon in charge of the military

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born in Corsica, an island off Italy

• Strong military leader

  • Commanded loyalty

  • Used guerilla warfare

• Laid out the Napoleonic Code

• Signed the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope

Article 42

• Said '“the decision of the First Consul shall suffice”

• Allowed Napoleon to become emperor as 1st consul

Concordat of 1801

• Napoleon saw the importance of the support of the Catholic Church

• Church recognized and clergy were paid by the state

• State still had power to elect the clergy and allowed landlords of confiscated church lands to keep it

Napoleon Code (Civil Code)

• Equality for all male citizens before the law

• Security of wealth and property

prefects

• central government agents who supervised all aspects of local government

Germaine de Stael

• Female French writer who refused to accept Napoleon’s growing despotism

• Wrote novels and political works that denounced Napoleon’s rule as tyrannical

• Napoleon banned her books in France and exiled her to the German states

Grand Empire

• French Empire

• Dependent States: Spain, the Netherlands, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic

• Allied States: Prussia, Austria, and Russia

Confederation of the Rhine

• a union of all German states except Austria and Prussia

• After Battle of Austerlitz, Third Coalition

Continental System

• Attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent to weaken British economy and making it harder for them to go to war

• Failed because Allied states resented it and began smuggling goods

nationalism

• The unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, and national symbolism

• Created from the French Rev. with an emphasis on brotherhood and solidarity against other peoples

Francisco Goya

• Painted “The Third of May 1808”

• Portrayed the Spanish as like Jesus Christ, being shot by French imperial troops

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

• German philosopher wanting unity of German people

• Originally welcomed the French Revolution but then began to say German national spirit was radically different from France

The Great Retreat

• France decides to invade Russia in 1812

• Russia retreats while burning towns along their way, leaving not enough food and shelter for Napoleon’s Grand Army

• Napoleon gets to a burning Moscow and has to retreat in the terrible winter conditions

Napoleon’s 3 Step Plan of Conquering New Territories

1. Defeat the enemy

2. Install loyal government

3. Enact civil codes

Treaty of Campo Formio 1797

• Redid states between Austria and France

• Signed after Napoleon’s first Coalition

Treaty of Luneville (1801)

• Peace with Austria

• Left Great Britain to fight alone in the 2nd Coalition

Peace of Amiens (1802)

• Peace with Great Britain after War of 2nd Coalition

• Left France with new frontiers and a number of client territories

• British and French both regarded it as temporary and had little intention of adhering to its terms

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

• British navy under Lord Nelson beats the French in Africa

Battle of Austerlitz (1805)

• Napoleon defeats the Austrians

• Austria sued for peace, and Tsar Alexander took his remaining forces back to Russia.

• Leads to formation the Confederation of the Rhine

Battle of Jena (1806)

• Napoleon crushed the Prussian forces in two battles at Jena after Prussia went against Napoleon’s reorganization of German states

• Led to Berlin Decrees

Battle of Friedland (1807)

• Napoleon defeats Russians

• Led to Treaty of Tilsit to be signed

Treaty of Tilsit (1807)

• Between Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon

• France = help Russia w/ Ottomans

• Russia = agrees to continental against UK

Berlin Decrees

• Ban on British goods

• No buying stuff from Britain

• Proclaimed a blockade: neutrals and French allies were not to trade with the British

Milan Decrees

• Initiated Continental System by Napoleon

• Blockaded trade with Great Britain

  • No one can trade with Britain

Napoleon’s Exile to Elba

• Gets exiled to Elba where Napoleon is still able to keep title of Emperor

• Louis XVIII is king while Napoleon is exiled

Quadruple Alliance

• Consisted of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

• Restored the Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII

• Agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna for a peace settlement

Prince Klemens von Metternich

• The leader of the Congress of Vienna

• Austrian foreign minister

• Pushed for the “Metternich system” (conservatism)

Congress of Vienna

• Made up Quadruple Alliance

• Goals:

  • Preserve Balance of Power-Conservation

  • Set border back to pre-1792

  • Bring back Bourbon Dynasty

  • Set up buffer states watching France (Piedmont and Netherlands)

Principle of Legitimacy

• Restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions

• Done to reestablish peace and stability in Europe

Balance of Power

• Prevent any one country from dominating Europe

• Made these territorial rearrangements to do so

Edmund Burke

• Philosopher who wanted contain the liberal and nationalist forces that came from the French revolution

• Wrote “Reflections on the Revolution in France”

• Argued that sudden change was unacceptable, but gradual change was still needed

Joseph de Maistre

• French philosopher who argued for authoritarian conservatism

  • Advocated for counterevolutions

• Said absolute monarchy could guarantee ‘‘order in society’’ and avoid the chaos

Conservatism

• Determined to contain the liberal and nationalist ideas being spread by the French revolution

• Favored obedience to political authority

• Believed that organized religion was crucial to social order

• Were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties

Concert of Europe

• Reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance to prevent any restoration of Napoleon in France

• Agreed to meet periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests and examine measures that will bring Europe peace

Principle of Intervention

• Great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

• Britain refused to agree, arguing that it had never wanted to interfere in the internal affairs of other states