Studied by 5 peopleurban growth
the rate at which the population of an urban area increases
urbanisation
the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities
urban consolidation
the policy of constraining further development and population growth to within the boundaries of preexisting urban areas rather than expanding outward into suburban areas
urban sprawl
the outward spread of a city and its suburbs as they grow
suburbanisation
a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs
globalisation
the increasing connections between places and people across the planet, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges, and helped by technology and transport.
push and pull factors
push factors “push” people away from their home and pull factors “pull” people to a new home
rural-urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the city
mega city
a city with more than 10 million people
world city
a city considered to be an important centre of global economic activity, such as New York, Tokyo, London.
what are some causes of urbanisation within china
geographical factors (climate, water availability, topography, soil quality), jobs, education, standards of living, opportunities
geographically, where are people predominately living in both australia and china
east coast
do more chinese people live in urban or rural areas
urban (60.6% in 2020)
how many megacities are there in china
15
what are some historical reasons for urbanisation in china
industrialisation, economic reform policies, special economic zones
where are most of the deserts in china and australia
west
where is most of the rainfall in china
south east china
what are the main rivers in china and where do they flow
yangtze river and yellow river, east china
where is china most mountainous
west and south west
pull factors towards cities in china
better employment prospects, higher wages, better education, better standard of living, more opportunities
push factors away from rural areas in china
lack of opportunities, poorer standard of living
internal migration
people moving from one region to another within the same country
what is the main cause of chinas internal migration
rapid urbanisation (fastest rate in the world)
what are the main 5 environmental worldviews
egocentric, anthropocentric, stewardship, biocentric, ecocentric
lithosphere
earths crust, rock, dirt, sand
hydrosphere
water, ocean, lakes, rivers
atmosphere
air, wind
biosphere
flora and fauna
sand dune
a hill of sand built either by aeolian or hydrospheric forces
headland
an elevated rocky area of land, jutting out between beaches
reef
a ridge of jagged rock, coral or sand just below the surface of the sea
tombolo
a depositional landform comprised of a bar of sand joining an island to the mainland
are the sand dunes at wanda beach natural or re-established
re-established
swash
where the waves hit the shore
berm
area above water level but before primary dune
what types of vegetation is found on primary dunes
small shrubs and plants
what types of vegetation is found on the secondary dune
larger plants, possibly trees
how can a dune profile be used as a coastal management tool
you can monitor change in the size of dunes and see if your management strategies are working
what are the 3 biophysical processes
hydrospheric, aeolian and biospheric
what brings waves up a beach (away from ocean)
swash
what brings waves down a beach (towards ocean)
backwash
what waves are low energy
constructive waves
what waves are high energy
destructive waves
what waves erode material on a coast
destructive waves
what waves deposit material on a coast
constructive waves
what determines the direction beach material moves along a beach
prevailing winds
longshore drift
the process of winds changing the angle of the waves, causing them to move the positions of sand along the beach
which direction does longshore drift happen in cronulla
north
how has longshore drift affected the deposition of sand along the coast in cronulla
there is more sand north than south, has created sand dunes and tombolos
what process is longshore drift
hydrospheric process
what is an aeolian process
wind
what is a biospheric process
vegetation on sand dunes
what does vegetation on sand dunes do
stabilises the landform helping to protect it from erosion
what dune has the highest wind speeds
primary dune
what 2 processes are most important in sand dune formation
aeolian (wind) and hydrospheric (waves)
how does vegetation vary across dunes
less/smaller vegetation at the front and more/taller vegetation at the rear
what function does vegetation serve
if the plants are alive the roots help stop erosion and if they die they create more dune
why do hard structures interfere with natural storm cycles
sand dunes are able to absorb wave energy but hard structures reflect the wave energy and take more sand with it that constructive waves can't fully replace
accretion
build up of sand
active beach zone
dynamic coastal zone affected by processes
bar
mound of sand located in surf zone normally parallel to shore
cadstral map
shows property surroundings
coastal processes
waves, winds, currents, etc and their interaction and effects on coastal environment
parabolic dune
a u shaped dune
prevailing winds
winds that blow predominately from a single general direction over a particular point
primary dune
vegetated sand dune located at back of beach, most seaward of dunes
swash zone
section of beach face that waves wash over
transgressive dune
advancing of sand forming inland dunes caused by lack of stabilising vegetation
weather
the state of the atmosphere at any one place or time (humidity, temperature, precipitation etc)
climate
average conditions of a region as a result of data
synoptic charts
show information related to air pressure, wind speed, rainfall etc at a particular time
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by the weight of the air on the earth’s surface
isobars
lines connecting dots of equal atmospheric places
high pressure cells (anticyclones)
where atmospheric pressure increases towards the centre of the system (light winds, clear skies, high pressure)
low pressure cells (cyclones)
where atmospheric pressure decreases towards the centre of the system (strong winds, cloudy skies, rain)
wind speed
determined by closeness of isobars
wind direction
the direction the wind is coming from
warm fronts
when warm air is pushed into cold air masses
cold fronts
when cold air is pushed into warm air masses
examples of hard options
sea wall, groynes, rock bars, rock gaibons, metal piling, rip rap, revetments
examples of soft options
sand replenishment, revegetation
what direction does swash move
diagonally in direction of longshore drift
what direction does backwash move
horizontally
what does BOLTSS stand for
border, orientation, legend, title, scale, source
eastings
vertical lines on a grid map
northings
horizontal lines on a grid map
4 figure map reference
area reference
6 figure map reference
grid reference
do you use the left or right side of grid square
left
do you use the top or bottom side of grid square
bottom
3 main types of photographs
ground level, oblique aerials, vertical aerials
latitude
horizontal lines drawn across the earth
longitude
vertical lines drawn across the earth
Note
Flashcard