AP Biology 2022-23 - Campbell Biology Unit 1 Chapter 6 Flashcards

The ability of a microscope to clearly distinguish between two plants.

SEM - focuses on beams of electrons (e-) onto the surface of a specimen—looks 3D TEM - Focuses on beams of electrons (e-) through a specimen (cannot be alive) - shows internal detail

"The bacterial chromosome is one long, single molecule of double stranded, helical, supercoiled DNA" - https://bio.libretexts.org

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)

complexes that synthesize proteins

membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

rigid structure outside the plasma structure

jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

locomotion organelles of some bacteria

As SA:V ratio decreases diffusion slows down and becomes less efficient—the ratio goes down as the cell grows

Endosymbiotic Theory - hypothesizes that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.

houses chromosomes, contains nucleoli, has pores that regulate entry/exit of proteins and RNA, has a double membrane

mechanically supports nuclear envelope, thus maintaining shape of the nucleus; has net-like array of protein filaments (in animal cells, these protein filaments are called intermediate filaments)

consist of coiled up discrete units of DNA—long DNA molecule + many proteins

complex of uncoiled, long strands of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes; is usually diffuse but condenses during cell division

site of ribosomal (rRNA) synthesis (with proteins), adjoins part of chromatin, made of densely-strained granules and fibers

assemble site of protein synthesis, made of rRNA + proteins; translates mRNA "messages" to create the primary structures of proteins "While both types of ribosomes are used to make proteins, the difference between them has to do with the fate of the proteins. Cytosolic ribosomes make proteins for the cytosol, which rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes make them to be bound in membranes, or to be excreted from the cell in vesicles (exocytosis)." - varsitytutors.com

LACKS RIBOSOMES, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/toxins, stores Calcium (Ca+) ions

HAS RIBOSOMES, secretes glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrates covalently-bonded to them, hence the prefix), distributes transport vesicles, creates membranes for itself or other components of the endomembrane system has membrane that separates glycoproteins from the cytosol

modifies, stores, and sends products (proteins and phospholipids) of the ER; makes its own macromolecules; sorts and packages material into transport vesicles

digest macromolecules through membrane sacs with hydrolytic enzymes, recycles organelles (autophagy), carries out apoptosis with mitochondria, performs phagocytosis

"Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death" - genome.gov

"Amoebas and many other unicellular eukaryotes eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles" - Campbell Biology

large vesicles from ER & golgi complex/apparatus

formed through phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes

found predominentaly in protists and unicellular algae that live in freshwater; osmoregulate (pump out excess water)

(in plant cells) membrane that separates vacuole from cytoplasm, holds water (turgor pressure) and organic compounds,

"The solution inside the central vacuole that is the plant cell’s main repository of inorganic ions, including potassium and chloride." - Campbell Biology

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

nuclear membrane, smooth & rough ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, cell/plasma membrane

site of cellular respiration (for energy production)

gel-like material where the citric acid cycle occurs, included by inner membrane contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA + ribosomes dynamic state of flux AKA can move and adjust a lot to meet needs of cell

folds of inner membrane that provide large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur

a family of plant organelles that DO NOT EXIST IN ANIMAL CELLS

plastids that produce and store starch in plants; (colorless)

colored plastids (OTHER THAN CHLOROPLASTS) typically containing yellow (lutein) and green (carotene) pigment

photosynthesis—contains chlorophyll

interconnected, flattened sacs with chlorophyll where light reactions take place Granum - stacked thylakoids

colorless fluid surrounding grana (stacked thylakoids) within chloroplast where "dark" reactions take place; contains chloroplast DNA + ribosomes + enzymes

metabolic compartment w/ single membrane (it is a membrane-bound organelle; has enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substrates and then add oxygen atoms to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—THIS IS THEIR NAMESAKE; breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules for mitochondria (and therefore cellular respiration)

(in certain fat-storing tissues of plant seeds) specialized peroxisomes that convert fatty acids into sugar

fiber network throughout cytoplasm mechanical support, maintains shape anchors organelles + enzymes easily reassemble-able cell motility (movement) w/ help of motor proteins manipulates cell (plasma) membrane

hollow tubes (made of tubulin, or globular proteins) maintain shape of cell, movement of organelles & chromosomes guides vesicles separates chromosomes during cell division

help organize microtubule assembly Centrioles - 9 sets of triplet microtubules in ring arrangement that come in pairs PLANT CELLS LACK BOTH CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES

microtubule-containing extensions on some cells for locomotion of cell itself or move substances across cell cilia move like oars, flagella move w/ single undulations (think ocean snakes) both are anchored to cell by basal bodies cilia come in large numbers VS flagella single or in small numbers most animals cells a primary cilium with an "antenna" function instead of locomotion

motor proteins that cause microtubules to move and allow organelles or cells to bend

thin, solid rods made of twiste actin double chains; bears tension

globular proteins where microfilaments are formed

outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell; has semi-solid consistency (like gel) due to the network of microfilaments

"false foot" actin and myosin work together to cause movement "The cell crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions called pseudopodia and moving toward them" - Campbell Biology

actin proteins allowing for movement of cytoplasm in a circular flow within large plant cells facilitates movement of organelles + materials within cell

in terms of size, microfilaments < intermediate filaments < microtubules ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS, bears tension is more "permanent" i.e. is not deconstructed and reconstructed as much cages the nucleus (mentioned in nuclear lamina flashcard)

extracellular structure of PLANT CELLS protects, maintains shape, prevents excess water (some other organisms have cell walls but not animals)

young, thin, flexible cell wall

pectin (a sticky polysaccharide) layer between adjacent cells, essentially a "glue"

strong, double matrix that adds support to the primary cell wall NOT ALL PLANT CELL HAVE SECONDARY CELL WALLS

glycoproteins + other carbohydrate-containing molecules

most abundant glycoprotein; forms strong, long fibers outside cells—strengthens tissues and adds structural integrity

made up with carbohydrates (95%), interwoven with collagen fibers

an ECM glycoprotein that acts as bridges between integrins and other ECM glycoprotein (such as collagen)

receptor proteins embedded in cell/plasma membrane "integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell" - Campbell Biology

Interactions that enable communication, interaction, or adhesion between cells

DO NOT EXIST IN ANIMAL CELLS channels between adjacent plant cells (enable exchange between cells)

DO NOT EXIST IN PLANT CELLS channels between adjacent animal cells (enable exchange between) cells

DO NOT EXIST IN PLANT CELLS watertight (all fluid-tight) seal between two adjacent animal cells

DO NOT EXIST IN PLANT CELLS acts like a spot weld to ensure that cells in stretchy organs and tissues (e.g. skin, cardiac muscle) remained connected in unbroken sheets

"Plasmodesmata are channels between adjacent plant cells (allowing for exchange between cells), while gap junctions are channels between adjacent animal cells (allowing transport of ions, water and other substances). A tight junction is a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells, while a desmosome acts like a spot weld ensuring that cells in organs and tissues that stretch, such as skin and cardiac muscle, remain connected in an unbroken sheet."

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