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what does plasticity (neuroplasticty) refer to ?
the brains ability to adjust to damage or new experiences
what is the primary effect of the myelin sheath
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
what are the main arguments in the nature vs nurture issue
whether individuals differences in behavioral traits and personalty are caused primary by the nature or nature
alzeihmers disease is associated with the depletion of which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
what physical emotions would electrically stimulating a rats amygdala most li
what are other drugs that would belong in the same class as caffeine and nicotine
methamphetamine and cocaine
which techniques require researchers to inject a harmless radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity
PET scan
when an individual is registered as lying on a polygraph machine, what is the machine actually responding to
the changes in autonomic arousal
explain the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger
acts as the control center for hunger and satiety
activation of the parasympathetic nervous results In what types of changes in the body
all the body systems slo down except for digestion which increases since it was slowed down under stress
what part of the brain if damages will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken
the midbrain
what is the primary function of the pons
provides inputs to other structures of the brain stem and to the cerebellum
which neurtransmitter reuptake is blocked by cocaine
dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
hidden wish/meaning of the dream
→ falling could symbolize feeling out of control
latent content
what took place in the dream
→ dreaming of falling
manifest content
what would an individual to wernickes area have difficulty doing
difficulty understanding a spoken request or anything to do in language development
damage to which brain structure may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
amygdala
damage to which part of the brain is most likely to cause a person to develop aphasia
wernickes area
what part of the nervous system most directly allows voluntary muscle movement
somatic nervous system
large amounts of alcohol interferes with the brains ability to form new memories in which part of the brain
hippocampus
what hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior
testosterone
makes the neurotransmitter and make the neuron fire
agonists
keeps it from firing
antagonists
what type of drug will be best alternative suffering for an individual experiencing severe pain
opiates
an individual has experiences damage to their cerebellum. how could this affect their ability to type on a computer
it would affect their ability by not being able to type smoothly
what condition is the following situation referring to: immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation
refractory period data
damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a what type of deficit
blindness
a person with a severe head injury subsequently act irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively and is easy to anger. which brain area is most likely injured ?
frontal lobe
gathering data by attaching electrodes attached to an individuals scalp and collecting brain activity is known as…
EEG
where on/in the synapses do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have their initial effect
synaptic cleft
an individual that has trouble with completing a picture on the left side of a paper would mostly likely have experienced damage to what part of the brain
right hemisphere
what is the role of the cerebellum in a figure skating performances
coordinating fine muscle movement and balance
a certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. it affects several neurotransmitter most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). which drug does this
alcohol
a person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. what part of the brain is mostnresponsible for the persons reaction
autonomic nervous system
curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. this drug Is an example of
antagonist
in adult humans, describe what typically occur during REM sleep
the sleepers eyes dart back and forth behind closed eyelids
which neurotransmitter has been linked to parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia
dopamine
in right handed individuals (most people), what abilities are predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain
negative emotions, response to commands, memory for the shapes, memory for music, understanding spatial relationships, understanding images & recognizing faces
information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by ___ neurons
afferent
rest and digest, all body system slow down but digestion increases
parasympathetic nervous system
fight or flight, all bodily systems are aroused except digestion which is reduced
sympathetic nervous system
if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain
right parietal lobe
how dan metabolic activity in different areas of the brain can best be visualized
PET scan
an image projected to the left visual field of a split brained person will be processed in the
right visual cortex
an individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side of the face and a sudden inability to speak. using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a doctor would likely find an issue with which hemisphere of he brain
left hemisphere
what is the network of structure involved in emotion, motivation, and memory called
the limbic system
why do humans typically not act out their dreams
sleep paralysis during dreaming stage
describe the process of reuptake of a neurotransmitter
the neurotransmitter molecules are removed from the synaptic gap b absorbing them back into the axon terminal so they can be released when the next neural impulse arrives
explain the activation synthesis hypothesis
based on the belief that dreams provide explanations for physiological activity
what happens t ones inhibitions when they are under the influence of alcohol
they decrease
what happen if there is damage to brocoas areas
breakdown between ones thoughts and language abilities
what are the characteristics of sleep apnea
snoring, stopped breathing during sleep, morning headaches, mood changes
what is the corpus callosum
thick mass of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres and relays messages between them
when would it be necessary to surgically severe the corpus callosum
severe epileptic seizures
what is the function of dendrites
to receive information from other neurons
if ventromedial nucleus of an individuals hypothalamus is damaged what changes will occur regarding appetite
obesity and overeating
regarding appetite what will most likely occur if the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated(not the same as damaged)
makes you eat, even if full
which system includes most glands in the human body
endocrine system
the limbic system is most closely associated with
emotions
what system controls the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
left hemisphere
verbal and analytic functions, processing information bit by bit
right hemisphere
nonverbal abilities → visual, tasks, music
processing information in global patterns
what characteristics are generally associated with the use of hallucinogens
vivid deserted images
which region of the body has the largest area of sensory cortex devoted to it
the face
which brain structure is most associated with the motion of fear
amygdala
describe the effect of alcohol on human functioning
depresses the central nervous system
which disease occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin of neurons in the central nervous system
multiple sclerosis
explain why travelers suffer from jet lag
different time zones and area mess up the circadian rhythm
what parts of the body are involved in regulating circadian rhythms
photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal glands
what is reduced during a flight or fight reaction
blood flow to the surface areas of the body
what type of charge does the inside of a cell membrane have when it is in the resting state
negative change
which neurotransmitter has been most associated with major depressive disorder
serotonin
which psychactive drugs increase nervous system activity
stimulants
the result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called
natural selection
what would most likely result from an injury to the medulla
life threatening disruptions of the heartbeat and breathing
what brain structure is mist closely associated with communication between the central nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
what is the painful experience associated within terminating the use of an addictive substance
withdrawal
is a synapse part of the neuron
yes
which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear
sympathetic
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