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________- the identity that keeps other identities together.
Mechanism
________: Dissociation offers an opportunity to escape from the impact of trauma.
Alters
________- different identities or personalities.
Switch
quick transition from one personality to another
Prevalence
not well known, perhaps 1 to 2%
Treatment: Focus is on
reintegration of identities
Treatment: Identify and neutralize
cues/triggers that provoke memories of trauma/dissociation
Treatment: Patient may have
to relive and confront the early trauma
Treatment: Some achieve through
hypnosis
Causes: Typically linked to
a history of severe, chronic trauma, often abuse in childhood
Causes: Risk increases if
there is no social support after the trauma
Causes: Closely related to
PTSD, possibly an extreme subtype
Causes: Biological vulnerability possible but
not well understood; almost all risk is environmental
More common in
females
Onset is
almost always in childhood or adolescence
High comorbidity rates with
other psychological disorders
Typically follows
lifelong, chronic course
Some patients presenting with DID symptoms are
faking (possibly subconsciously)
Example: Patients more likely to “produce” a fake alter when
therapist suggests this possibility
Case studies reveal changes in
physiological and brain function when switching between alters
DSM-5 Criteria: A. Disruption of identity characterized by
two or more distinct personality states, which may be described in some cultures as an experience of possession.
DSM-5 Criteria: The disruption of marked discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by
related alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning.
DSM-5 Criteria: These signs and symptoms may be
observed by others or reported by the individual.
DSM-5 Criteria: B. Recurrent gaps in the
recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
DSM-5 Criteria: C. The symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
DSM-5 Criteria: D. The disturbance is not a normal part of
a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice. Note: In children, the symptoms are not attributable to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play.
DSM-5 Criteria: E. The symptoms are not attributable to
the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol intoxication) or another medical condition (e.g., complex partial seizures).
Formerly known as
multiple personality disorder
Defining feature is
dissociation of personality
Adoption of
several new identities (as many as 100; may be just a few; average is 15)
Identities display
unique behaviors, voice, and postures
Note
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