Unit 4 Terms and Definitions

A clever or skillful way

Dispersion of Africans out of Africa

Jews from central and eastern Europe

Improved by Muslim navigators in the 12thcentury, let sailors find out how far north or south they were from the equator

Any map of the stars and galaxies

Spanish royal courts to which Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys' decisions or policies

Plied the seas near North Africa along the Barbary coast

Holding pens in West Africa for the captive Africans. Also called "slave castles"

Moscow's noble landowning class in Kievan Rus who topped the social pyramid

Seeds from a small tropical American evergreen tree, from which cocoa, cocoa butter, and chocolate are made

African belief system practiced in the Americas meaning "dance to honor the gods"

Material wealth available to produce more wealth

Small three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15thcentury. It allowed ship to survive storms at sea better.

Mapmaking

A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the growers

People of mixed-race ancestry and the lowest on the Latin casta system. There were two groups of these.

Another name for Joint-stock companies

A system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold

A type of book

A notoriously brutal system of slave labor.

Claimed lands settle settled by immigrants from the home country.

Transfer of crops, animals, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

Spanish soldiers

West African language and grammatical patterns combined with European colonizers language to create a new language.

A person of mixed European and black decent, especially in the Caribbean

Lower on the Latin casta system, those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas.

Spanish system to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas. Landowners compelled the indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter.

Spanish landowners

"Engines". What the Portuguese Sugar Plantations were referred to as, because they processed so much sugar.

Civil disturbances in France between 1648 and 1653 attempted to curb growing royal power

Heavily armed Spanish ship

A popular dish created by African that is popular in southern United States. Stew like with dish with spices.

Wheel or disk mounted to spin rapidly around an axis in various direction.

When Spanish landowners (conquistadores) developed agriculture on their land and used coerced labor to work the fields.

Traditional Han clothing worn by Han civilians

A residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived.

The name Columbus gave the island that is now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region

French Protestants in the predominantly Catholic country. Suffered great persecution

Forced into service, in the navy as enslaved galley workers

Arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage.

Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

Investors financed trade by buying shares in corporations such as the East India Company.

Ship sail in the shape of a triangle. Used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean.

The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment, made investing safer.

Created in China for fortune telling, helped steer a ship in the right direction.

Corn

A type of food from America, also known as yucca or cassava) that became a staple in the African diet

Empires based on sea travel.

Descendants of Africans who had escaped slavery in Jamaica.

An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

Mixed European and indigenous ancestry

Also called King Philip's War, was in part a result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control native American lands

The grueling journey across the Atlantic for the slave ships.

Russian village communes who controlled the small landholders among the peasants

Inca labor obligation, in which young men were required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects (coerced labor system)

The exclusive right to trade

Mixed European and African ancestry

The highest level of the European social hierarchy.

A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia

Food African brought with them to America

A trade rivalry between the Muslim traders from Oman and European Christian traders over the Indian Ocean Trade and trade settlements in Oman.

The top of the social pyramid in Latin America. They were born on the Iberian Peninsula

Having more than one wife

The high rate of inflation or general rise in prices, in the 16thand early 17thcentury

Law that gave all of each estate to the eldest son.

Took place in 1680 between the Spanish and the Pueblo and Apache in New Mexico. The two indigenous groups fought the colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions.

Required Han men to wear their hair braded pigtail style of the Manchu

African belief system practiced in the Americas meaning "the way of the saints".

Dutch pirates

English Pirate

Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain

European-trained Indian private forces that helped the east India Company move inland.

Peasants who received a plot of land and protection form nobles. In return, were bound to that land and had little personal freedom.

Discovered in Mexico and Peru and revived economic fortunes for individual explorers and Spain

Pathogens spread through the respiratory system

A vast grassy, treeless area.

Cultivated in the Brazilian Jungles by the Portuguese

The combining of different religious beliefs and practices. For example, the melding of Christianity with West African religious traditions

A system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored. It was used to reward soldiers and keep them loyal

Based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories.

The transportation by slave traders of various enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. Regularly used the triangular trade route and the middle passage.

The treaty created in 1494 that divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal. Part of Brazil fell under Portugal's rule.

A complex trading system that had 3 segments (Europe, Africa, America)

Ottoman scholars and experts in Islamic law

Spanish royalty appointed to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown

Strong advisors to the sultans that gained influential positions in government and spoke for the sultans

African belief system practiced in the Americas meaning "spirit" or "deity"

Mixed indigenous and African ancestry.