ap world unit 1

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

System used by Chinese bureaucracy for placement and advancement in the government. Based on knowledge of Confucian texts

designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Although developed in a previous dynasty this was developed for use in guns by the Song dynasty

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Introduced through trade. Facilitated the population boom during the Song dynasty.

Innovations that made agriculture more efficient and contributed to the population expansion

a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell. Occurred in Song Dynasty China

Skilled workers or craftsmen

A society based on trade. Example: Song Dynasty

Ritual practiced at the Chinese court as part of tribute. Foreigner dignitaries would also bring gifts to the emperor

in the Confucian social order, the emergence of families who combined the wealth of the owners of large landed estates (Gentry) with the political power of sons who had become Confucian scholar-bureaucrats; continued to form the bases of the Chinese elite for millennia, despite attempts by people like Wang Mang to limit their influence.

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

A type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page. Developed by Buddhists during the 7th century

focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became the strongest in Southeast Asia

focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. It became strongest in China and Korea

focused on chanting. It became strongest in Tibet

emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning or studying scripture

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

syncretic faith mixing Buddhism and Confucianism. A social and ethical philosophy, not religious. Combines rational thought with metaphysics.

Land owning lords of feudal Japan

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Created under the Abbasid Caliphate, it center of learning where scholars from all of the world and a variety of religions exchanged ideas and translated texts

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Soldiers who traveled from Europe to the "Holy Land" in order to reopen the land for pilgrims.

Nomad group from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Capital of the Abbassid empire. Center of learning, art, and trade during the medieval period

(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Allowed non-Arabs to participate in government and relied heavily on Persians for bureaucracy

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

Sufi poet and mystic. One of the most prolific female writers of Medieval and Early Modern Period

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam

Dynasty that ruled Southern India from 850-1267

Name meant "victorious city." Created by brothers who were sent by Delhi sultanate but instead created their own empire

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Large tower built by the Delhi Sultanate in a display of power

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

Reform movement beginning in 12th c that rejected rituals in preference to devotion to a deity in an attempt to reform Hinduism

flourished from the 600s to 1200s; controlled the Strait of Malacca, based in Sumatra

Another mound building culture that emerged in the floodplains of the major southeastern river systems about A.D. 800 and lasted until about A.D. 1500.

an ancient settlement located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line. Mississippian society is an example

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

also known as the Aztecs

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

System in which farmers dredged up muck from the lake to plots of land, allowing some cultivators to grow up to seven crops a year, floating gardens

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

economic system in which taxes were paid through mandatory public service such as constructing roads

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Road system of the Inca empire

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Prosperous city-states loosely united by kinship. Profited from proximity to Trans-Saharan Trade Network.

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

Established in the 12th century, carved stone churches from rock

Sea based exchange routes that connected Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land

self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship between the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

one of the three classes in French society before the revolution: First Estate (clergy, or church officials); Second Estate (nobles); and Third Estate (peasants and townspeople). Also, a large piece of land with a grand house

A disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII about who should appoint church officials.

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Established in the 13th century as an advisory body to the king. Eventually became the chief legislative body of England.

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

The university in the Italian city of Bologna was the first great medieval school to receive recognition. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa issued it a charter in 1158, and it became a model for schools in Italy, Spain and southern France. Bologna was a guild of students, who unionized to ensure that landlords and tavern owners charged them fair prices and teachers gave them excellent instruction. The students hired professors, set pay scales and assigned lecture topics. Bologna was Europe's premier center for advanced studies in law

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

The religious wars between Western Catholic Europe and the Islamic Turks over the holy lands in Jerusalem

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Urban class during the middle ages, consisted of merchants and skilled workers.

A period of five centuries during which lower global temperatures decreased agricultural activity

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)