Bio exam 4 review - Dr. Neirth

unit of heredity. region of dna that can be transcribed into an rna molecule and results in a functional product

specifies amino acid sequence of a protein. "how to build proteins"

translates mrna into amino acids

part of ribosomes

produces a transcript (rna copy) of a gene

synthesis of a protein (polypeptide on ribosome) using rna

DNA-mRNA-Protein

DNA-pre mRNA-mRNA-Protein

sequence of dna that controls when and where transcription will begin

specifies the end of transcription

sites for binding of regulatory proteins. some enhance transcription, some inhibit transcription.

recognition of promoter

rna polymerase synthesises rna.

rna polymerase reaches terminator. causes both polymerase and new rna transcript to dissociate from dna

stability

ribosomal recognition

specifies relationship between bases in mrna and amino acids in polypeptide.

start codon defines reading frame of a mature mrna; read as a group of three bases called a triplet.

start codon

stop codons

cloverleaf structure

where translation takes place

mrna, first trna, and ribosomal subunits assemble

synthesis from start to stop codons

complex disassembles at stop codon releasing polypeptide

5' cap recognized, small ribosome binds, started trna with start codon in P site

new trna enters A site. the growing a polypeptide chain in P moves to A

stop codon enters A site and recognized by release factors, protein released and ribosome disassembled

heritable change in genetic material

mutation that cause no change

mutation that changes one amino acid in polypeptide

mutation that changes a normal codon into a stop codon

mutation that produces a whole different amino acid sequence

sex cells

all other cells in the body

chemical of physical agents that alter dna

uncontrolled cell division

agents that increase the likelihood of developing cancer

genes that promote the cell cycle.

process where gene is made into a functional product

gene that is constantly expressed

bind to regulatory sequence. can inhibit or promote transcription

bind to regulatory transcription factor and determines if it can bind to dna or not

upstream from transcriptional start site

TATA box and transcriptional start site

complex created by dna and protein

makes dna more or less amenable to transcription

Catalyzes attachment of amino acids to tRNA

G1 checkpoint protein, tumor suppressor