Multiple Choice Test 1

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

1493: Both the Spanish and Portuguese began to lay claims on America leading to disputes over land

1494: The Pope decided to draw a line to resolve the differences called the Treaty of Tordesillas

West of the Line to Spain, East to Portugal following the treaty, Spain under Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas

The Spanish crown gave land to explorers

Explorers were also given the Natives living on the land!

Explorers had to pay taxes, protect the "subjects", and spread Christianity

Spanish thought of Natives as "inferior" people and began to abuse them through the Encomienda System by forcing Natives to do harsh labor

Spanish priest who in 1542 convinced the Spanish King to end Indian slavery through The New Laws of 1542

Thought that the Indians were morally equal to the Spanish since they were under the Spanish crown

However, traditional Spaniards pushed the King back to repeal New Laws

Significance: Sparked the conversation of whether it was moral/right to enslave colonized people

Debate in Spain to decide whether the enslavement of Indians was justified

Decision was that Natives would still be mistreated under Spanish rule

Native Americans in English settled territory were not in large numbers like the Aztecs

Initially Natives taught English how to grow crops and hunt

However, English saw them as "savages" and had constant battle conflicts with them

Encomienda System

Treated Natives poorly, with no respect

However, the French befriended the Native populations and established a strong fur trading system

Helped the French to become part of native society; making a strong base for the French in the New World

harsh lives

slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder as domestic servants

lived on little food and in dreary huts

suffered beatings

lifelong and hereditary conditions

Slave work in the Caribbean expanded beyond plantations and they engaged in almost every craft and retail business

Many had great independence--required to pay only a little price to live where and with whom they pleased with little or no supervision

1620: The first agreement for self-government in America

It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony

Empires were impressive

For example, the Incas had a political system, paved roads, empire consisting of 6 million

All without a writing system, paper, or the wheel

Another example, Aztecs' capital (Tenochtitlan) had a population of 200,000

Survived mainly on a staple crop... Maize (corn)

Weather? Mostly dry

Resource? Buffalo

Need to move? Mobile society based on buffalo population; Largest population was the Lakota Sioux

Environment? Rivers, lakes, and fertile soil

Need to move? No, Hunting, Fishing, and Permanent Villages; Example: Indian Mounds - built larger settlements which enabled trade from surrounding tribes; Cahokia Tribe Built the largest mounds

Environment? Fertile land... means lots of food

Need to move? No, agricultural and hunting societies were formed; Longhouses

Environment? Fishing

Need to move? They are going to stay put

Wealth, improvements in technology, religious conflict

Faster route to Asia (Columbus)

Religion: Anglicanism (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay), Puritan control

Economy: Shipbuilding, trade, fishing, and whaling

Religion: Religious freedom ordered by King James I

Economy: farming of wheat especially and exported agricultural goods along with other natural resources

Religion: No dominant religion

Economy: Agriculture through tobacco mainly and exported wheat, maize, indigo, rice, grain, fruit, livestock, and tobacco

Religion: Religious freedom

Economy: Agriculture was very strong and traded for things that were not able to be produced

Indentured Servants

Slaves

American Indians

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England

They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay

1675: King Philip united tribes in southern New England to fight against the English settlers and this ended in a vicious war where many were killed and towns were burned

1676: Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Berkeley's government and succeeded in defeating the governors forces

Army disassembled when Bacon died of dysentery, but was a step in the right direction of colonials resisting authority

New economic concept of obtaining wealth from foreign lands (colonies) to help boost a nation's economy

Focused mainly on greater exports than imports

Huge expression of the individual religious belief among societies in the colonies

With the different Protestant beliefs being accepted in the colonies, there was a call for separation of church and state

The Great Awakening focused mainly on self-spiritualism rather than Church Doctrine... making colonists question ministers authority and ultimately political authority

Religious colleges began to form as well (mainly ivy league schools)

Helped start great awakening and wrote sinners in the hands of an angry god

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony

Instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy

Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Questioned doctrines of Puritan authorities

Antinomianism: Faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

Founded Portsmouth after being banished from the Bay colony

killed in an American Indian uprising

All foreign goods exported to the Colonies had to go to England first (England could tax the ships at their ports before going to the colonies)

Most Colonial goods could only be exported to England - no free trade (Significance in the relationship with England)

BAD!! - Colonists struggled to make money since foreign markets were closed

The first important act pushing the colonies toward independence