Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Regulation

Repeated subunits of DNA that consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

The pentagon-shaped sugar in DNA that is linked to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

The component of a nucleotide that can be one of four different types: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.

The scaffold for the bases in DNA, formed by the linkage of nucleotides through phosphate bonds between the sugars and the phosphates.

The twisted ladder structure formed by the two strands of DNA wrapping around each other.

The predictable matching of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine in DNA, held together by hydrogen bonds.

The orientation of the two strands of DNA in opposite directions, with the 5′ end of one strand opposite to the 3′ end of the other.

The type of bond that links the two strands of DNA together in base pairs.

The process of DNA being transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins, which are responsible for regulating cellular processes.

A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

The process in which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template.

The process in which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A temporary RNA copy of a gene that carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

A type of RNA that makes up a part of the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis.

A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis and matches anticodons to codons on the mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain.

Regions of DNA that express the genetic code

Noncoding regions of mRNA

Recipe in prokaryotes that can make several proteins

One gene transcribed to one mRNA and translated into one protein in eukaryotes

Process of removing introns from mRNA by RNA-protein complex called spliceosome

Sequence of adenine nucleotides added to 3' end of mRNA

Modified guanine nucleotide added to 5' end of mRNA

A–U–G, which codes for the amino acid methionine.

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

A polymer consisting of a large number of amino acids bonded together in a chain, forming a protein molecule.

Three codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) that do not code for any amino acid but instead signal the end of the protein chain.

An error in the genetic code that can occur due to DNA damage that cannot be repaired or is repaired incorrectly.

A type of point mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide base is substituted for another, resulting in nonsense, missense, or silent mutations.

Mutations that involve DNA sequences with deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations that can result in the gain or loss of DNA or a gene, or cause a new trait.

A type of mutation that occurs due to insertions or deletions of bases, resulting in a change in the sequence of codons used by the ribosome, and causing errors in gene expression.

Gene segments that can cut/paste themselves throughout the genome, interrupting a gene and causing errors in gene expression.