Chapter 4: The Brain and Behavior

Has sometimes been likened to a switchboard that organizes inputs from sensory organs and routes them to the appropriate areas of the brain.

Measures the activity of large groups of neurons through a series of large electrodes placed on the scalp.

Plays a major role in many aspects of motivation and emotion, including sexual behavior, temperature regulation, sleeping, eating, drinking, and aggression.

Is the lowest and most primitive level of the brain.

Chemical substances that carry messages across the synaptic space to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Involved in mood, sleep, eating, and arousal, and may be an important transmitter underlying pleasure and pain.

Concerned primarily with muscular movement coordination, but it also plays a role in learning and memory.

A delicately balanced or constant internal state.

Contains clusters of sensory and motor neurons.

Which can produce pictures of blood flow in the brain taken within seconds of one another.

Specialized receiving units like antennae that collect messages from neighboring neurons and send them on to the cell body.

Which conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Organizes motivational and emotional response patterns, particularly those linked to aggression and fear.

Acts as a kind of sentry, both alerting higher centers of the brain that messages are coming and then either blocking those messages or allowing them to go forward.

The partial or total loss of the ability to communicate.

Measure brain activity, including metabolism, blood flow, and neurotransmitter activity.

Chemicals that produce alterations in consciousness, emotion, and behavior.

Involved in voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, and experiencing pleasure or pain.

Large protein molecules embedded in the receiving neurons cell membrane.

Plays an important role in vital bodily functions such as heart rate and respiration.

Use X- ray technology to study brain structures.

Excitatory and inhibitory functions at various sites; involved in ________ controlling learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating.

The relatively greater localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other.

A whitish, fatty insulation layer derived from glial cells during development.

Perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system.

A neural bridge consisting of white myelinated fi bers that acts as a major communication link between the two hemispheres and allows them to function as a single unit.

In which the transmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic axon terminals.

Consists of two large hemispheres, a left side and a right side.

Chambers within the axon terminals.

The production of new neurons in the nervous system.

Consists of numerous hormone- secreting glands distributes throughout the body.

The brains most advanced portion from an evolutionary standpoint.

Is far more specific in its opposing actions, affecting one or a few organs at a time.

Contains the brain and the spinal cord, which connects most parts of the peripheral nervous system with the brain.

Lies just above the medulla and carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system.

In the frontal lobe, is mainly involved in the production of speech through its connections with the motor cortex region that controls the muscles used in speech.

Refers to the ability of neurons to change in structure and function.

Carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

A tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron.

In the temporal lobe, is primarily involved in speech comprehension.

Transmit output impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the bodys muscles and organs.

Are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

A 1 /4- inch- thick sheet of gray (unmyelinated) cells that form the outermost layer of the human brain.

In general, it slows down body processes and maintains a(n) ________.

Creates images based on how atoms in living tissue respond to a magnetic pulse delivered by the device.

Which senses the body's internal functions and controls the glands and the smooth (involuntary) muscles that form the heart, the blood vessels, and the lining of the stomach and intestines.

Receives sensory input that gives rise to our sensations of heat, touch, and cold and to our senses of balance and body movement (kinesthesis)

The role of experience and the Recovery of Function.

Twin structures perched atop the kidneys that serve, quite literally, as hormone factories, producing and secreting about 50 different hormones.

At synapses involved in muscular movement and memory.