AP Psych Unit 5

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

A newer understanding of sort-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. *

Retention independent of conscious recollection *

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as time, space and frequency *

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

the retention of encoded information over time

the process of getting information out of memory storage

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

He was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve.

Worked with Shiffrin to explain our memory forming process with a model

proposed that we form memories in three stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term

made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

the inability to remember events from early childhood (before age 3)

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

First or most significant

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

an inability to form new memories

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

the disruptive effect of recent learning on the recall of old information

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

a mental image or best example of a category

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias

an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

inability to speak

speech production

language comprehension

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Words influence, but do not determine, thinking

Linguist that believed that we learn language from the environment

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe responsible for language production

an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it

Famous for describing concept of "liguistic determinism"