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Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for use in building the polypeptide or protein by _______
tRNA molecules
The first genetic material on Earth was likely similar to _____
RNA
The portion of tRNA that binds a codon is called ____
anticodon
Butter is an example of a(n) ______
saturated fat
Water is considered a polar molecule because ____
of the partial charges associated with the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
What are the characteristics of water?
hydrophilic, high specific heat, liquid at room temperature, polar molecule
Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a ____
lipid
What is the complementary strand to 5’ ATGGTCAGT 3’?
5’ ACTGACCAT 3’
In a molecular sense, a gene is _____
a string of nucleotides that include information to transcribe RNA
Genetic information in a cell flows in which direction?
DNA → RNA→ proteins
What enzyme is required for transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is required for the process of translation?
a ribosome
Proteins in the body _____
are synthesized using mRNAs templates
The four elements that make up over 90% of your body are ____
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
hydrogen bonds in water occur _____
between the oxygen of one molecule and the hydrogen of another molecule
What are the characteristics of life?
ability to respond to stimuli, composed of cells, metabolism, production of offspring
The variable part of a nucleotide is _____
nitrogenous base
The variable part of an amino acid is the ____
R group
This bond is created when one element takes an electron from another, resulting in the two different elements having opposite charges
ionic bond
The label to indicate that oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen in a water molecule is _____
delta minus
Because a phospholipid is a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, it is described as _____
amphipathic
adding _____ to the 3’ end of mRNA increases its stability
aaa (polyA tail)
The monomer of a carbohydrate is ____
monosaccharide
_______ is change in a population over time and it is one of the characteristics of living systems
evolution
_____ is an element that is able to form four different bonds and makes up a large variety of organic molecules
carbon
the property of water that enables it to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules is _____
adhesion
The site on the ribosome to which the first tRNA binds is the _____
P site
In transcription during _____, the RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA through complementation of the DNA template strand
elongation
Two strands of DNA in opposite orientation from one another is referred to as ___
antiparallel
Who demonstrated the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
Who demonstrated that DNA was genetic material?
Hershey and Chase
What is the bond that joins subunits in a polysaccharide?
glycosidic bond
What is the end of DNA molecule that contains a hydroxyl group?
3’
Who demonstrated the principles of inheritance using math?
Mendel
What is the bond that joins subunits in DNA?
phosphodiester bond
What is the bond that joins subunits to make a protein?
peptide bond
What is the end of DNA molecule that contains a phosphate group?
5’
What is a fatty acid chain with double bonds (kinked)?
unsaturated fat
What is a fatty acid chain with no double bonds (straight)?
saturated
What is the structure involved in plant cell cytokinesis?
cell plate
What enzyme replaces primers with DNA nucleotides?
DNA Polymerase I
What synthesizes lipids?
smooth ER
What is the center of a chromosome?
centromere
What is the location of membrane protein synthesis?
rough ER
What enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the growing 3’ end of DNA?
DNA polymerase III
What synthesizes the phosphodiester bond to link together the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand?
ligase
What is the structure on a chromosome where microtubules attach?
kinetochore
What is the end of a chromosome?
telomere
What is the structure involved in animal cell cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow
If a checkpoint detects a problem during chromosome replication, what happens?
the cell dies
When a cell enters G0, it will _____
halt its progression through the cell cycle
What are chromosomes attached at the centromere called?
sister chromatids
A class of membrane transport proteins that require ATP are able to move molecules _____
across the membrane against the concentration gradient
The role of the signal recognition particle is to _____
bring the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum to allow for co-translation import of proteins
What is the function of a lysosome?
to break down material inside the cell
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria
DNA primase ______
creates a short template of an RNA primer complementary to the DNA template
During replication, which enzyme breaks the bond holding the two complementary strands of DNA together?
helicase
What is the class of membrane transport proteins that enable a molecule to move across a membrane based on size and along the concentration gradient?
channel proteins
What is the system that is composed of the ER, golgi, and lysosomes?
endomembrane system
What are the two copies of each chromosome that are genetically similar but not identical?
homologous chromosomes
The proteins that participate as the internal signals for cell cycle control are ____
cyclins
______ is the model that describes the plasma membrane being made of mostly phospholipids with proteins floating in the plane of the membrane?
fluid mosaic
The spindle that forms in mitosis originates from the _____ that has migrated to the pole of the cell
centriole
_______ is an enzyme that adds repeats to the ends of linear chromosomes
telomerase
During __ phase of the cell cycle, chromosomes separate
M
In the _____ strand, the new DNA strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments as compared to one continuous DNA strand?
lagging
A protein that contains a signal sequence in the middle is targeted for transport into the ______
nucleus
Co-translational import of proteins involves the ribosome, the signal recognition particle, and the ___
ER
Bacteria divide through the process of _________
binary fission
____ is called the powerhouse of the cell because of its role in respiration in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
During ______ of mitosis, the chromosomes are separated, have completely migrated to opposite poles of the cell and the nuclear membrane is beginning to form around each set of chromosomes
telophase
____ is the phase where the chromosomes are not condensed and includes G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle
interphase
The potential to become any cell
totipotency
What is the most common form of gene expression control?
transcriptional control
What is the role of hydrophobic ligands used in cell signaling?
binding to intracellular receptors because they easily pass through the plasma membrane
What is the purpose of kinase in cell signaling?
add a phosphate group to an enzyme
What is Mendel’s Principle on the inheritance of two genes in relationship to one another?
Independent assortment
How many different types of gametes can be formed by plants with a genotype of rrTtYY?
2
What was the drug in the Marathon Mouse video?
AICAR
What is the embryotic developmental stages progress?
Cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, growth
What is an enhancer?
a region of DNA
What is the type of cell signaling that uses hormones to communicate with cells throughout the entire body?
endocrine
What is the type of cell signaling that uses receptors and ligands in the membrane of cells right next to each other in the tissue to communicate?
juxtacrine
What is Pax 6 an example of
transcription factor
How does incomplete dominance differ from complete dominance?
the F1 heterozygote has a phenotype that differs from either parent
In a monohybrid cross between two homozygous parents, what is the ratio of F2 expected to be?
2:1:1
The genotype of a diploid organism with two different alleles for one gene is classified as ______
heterozygous
A diploid organism that has a gene on one chromosome but has no counterpart on the other chromosome is classified as ______
hemizygous
A cross involving two different traits or genes is a _____ cross
dihybrid
A type of cross performed to determine the unknown genotype of a parent with the dominant phenotype is a _____ cross
test
A mutation occurs in an individual while evolution occurs in a _____
population
The type of stem cell that is made by de-differentiating a differentiated cell is _____
induced pluripotent
An example of post translational modification to control gene function would be the addition of a methyl group to a newly made _____
protein
A _____ in an enhancer region could result in a gene being expressed in a different tissue or at a different time in development
mutation
The layer in gastrulation that gives rise to skin and nerves is the ____
ectoderm
What is the molecule that signals?
ligand
What is the germ layer that forms the bones and muscle?
mesoderm
What is the DNA sequence where a protein that affects transcription binds?
enhancer
What is the molecule that binds the signal?
receptor
Note
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