Chapter 16: Identification of Vaginal Secretions and Menstrual Blood

A normal human vagina is covered by the ______, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Lying under the squamous mucosa is the _______, which contains an abundance of connective tissue and capillaries.

Below the submucosa is the _______, which is made up of smooth muscle.

In this layer, basal cells are anchored to the basement membrane that separates the squamous mucosa from the submucosa.

This is where cells undergo differentiation.

The cells are flattened and their nuclei are compressed.

This is where the cells are fully differentiated with small and dense nuclei.

Named after the French physician Jean Lugol, is originally used as an antiseptic that is applied to skin or tissue to prevent infection.

is the principal storage form of glucose in animal and human cells and is found in the granules in the cytoplasm of the cells of many tissues.

In addition to squamous epithelial cells, glycogen is also found in ______, which have the highest glycogen content, as well as muscle cells.

is an aqueous solution of 5% iodine (I2) and 10% potassium iodide (KI).

allows the iodine to be soluble in water through the formation of the triiodide ion.

Differentiated skin epithelial cells are keratinized and are classified as ________

buccal and vaginal epithelial cells are ______

It can be found in the respiratory, the gastrointestinal, and the urogenital tract of healthy humans and animals.

Are the predominant bacteria in the vagina of women of reproductive age, and they play an important role in protecting the host against invasive pathogenic organisms.

Lactobacillus bacteria produce _____.

Encodes a mucin protein that is a major component of vaginal mucus.

Encodes a vaginal antimicrobial peptide.

The periodic discharge of blood and the elimination of the degenerated lining of the endometrium from the uterus of nonpregnant women.

From menarche to menopause, women may menstruate up to ______ during their reproductive age.

Consists of the muscle fibers of the uterus.

Consists of the simple columnar epithelium and the stroma.

Formed by single-layered elongated cells located at the apical surface of the endometrium.

It consists of connective tissues as well as spiral arteries.

Are small arteries that ascend through the endometrium and form a coil-like structure, which supplies blood to the endometrium.

The luminal part of the endometrium. It is the zone of cyclic changes in the endometrium and is shed during menstruation.

The basal part of the endometrium and is not shed during menstruation. This zone produces cells to regenerate the functionalis during the next cycle.

During the uterine cycle, _______occur in the functionalis.

During the ________, the functionalis degenerates and is sloughed off from the uterine wall and bleeding occurs, known as menses.

During the _______, the functionalis begins regeneration in which the spiral arteries are proliferated.

During the ______, the spiral arteries are further developed and coiled.

In the absence of pregnancy, a decrease in the ________ leads to the constriction of the spiral arteries. As a result, the functionalis becomes ischemic, leading to hypoxia.

The cessation of menstrual bleeding is achieved by ______ that is initiated when injury occurs due to the shedding of the endometrium.

______ begins with platelet activation and aggregation to form platelet plugs at the site of injury.

A serine protease, converts soluble fibrinogen into fibrin.

A protein involved in blood clotting, aggregates with the platelet plugs and leads to the cessation of bleeding by forming blood clots, known as thrombi.

A degradation product produced during fibrinolysis when cross-linked fibrin is cleaved by plasmin.

In ______, antibodies bind to the D-dimer antigens on the solid phase.

are based on the interaction of antibodies and D-dimers that are located on carriers to form aggregates during the agglutination process.

utilize monoclonal antibodies specific to D-dimers, which have been developed recently. It is very specific, sensitive, and rapid, and can be completed within minutes.

An enzyme that plays an important role in glycolysis. It catalyzes the reversible reduction of pyruvate into lactate when the amount of oxygen is limited.

It is encoded by the LDHA gene and is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle.

It is encoded by the LDHB gene and is primarily expressed in cardiac muscle.

It is encoded by the LDHC gene, is expressed restrictively in the testes.

LDH1, 2, and 3 are the predominant forms of the isoenzymes in ______.

LDH4 and 5 are consistently the predominant isoenzymes in _______.

_________ genes are considered tissue-specific markers for human endometrium tissues.

The extracellular space of tissue that is filled by macromolecules such as collagens, laminins, fibronectins, and proteoglycans.

is predominantly expressed in epithelial cells

is expressed in the stromal cells of the endometrium.

can be detected in menstrual blood from the first to the eighth day of menstruation but it is absent in peripheral blood and vaginal secretions.

CYP2B7P1

DKK4

FUT6

HBD1

IL19

MUC4

MYOZ1

SFTA2

MMP7

MMP11