WHAP CH.21-22

In general, between 600 and 1450, trade through Afro-Eurasia

A. increased at first the Arabs and then the Mongols actively encouraged trade.

B. increased in the east, but declined in the west and not rebounding until around 1500.

C. changed from sea-based to land-based as land transportation increased.

D. decreased as the classic empires dissolved, thus ending the Silk Road trades.

The English East India Company, founded 1600 C.E., and the Dutch United East India Company, founded 1602 C.E., were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A. Both companies experienced significant financial losses soon after they were established, and the British and Dutch governments had to intervene and fund the companies with public monies.

B. Charters gave each company the right to buy, sell, establish trading posts, manage their own affairs, and even go to war if fighting native peoples or other Europeans was in their interest. C. The companies were both privately owned joint-stock enterprises that enjoyed the support of their respective governments.

D. Each company was able to exclusively concentrate on commercial enterprises, and each company resisted any attempts at government oversight.

All of the following contributed to the Ming bureaucracy's decision to authorize a series of naval expeditions between 1405 and 1433 C.E. EXCEPT A the desire of the Ming government to create new markets for Chinese manufactured goods in Europe and the Americas. B the creation of a large navy allowing Ming merchants to expand the networks of exchange and communication to Japan and southeast Asia. C the desire of Chinese bureaucrats and the emperor to expand tributary relationships with Indian Ocean states by demonstrating the power and prestige of the Ming dynasty. D the Ming Emperor Yongle's desire to assure that the imperial bureaucracy established and maintained control over foreign trade.

In efforts to establish global networks of exchange, transportation, and communications, all of the following were European motivations for reconnaissance and exploration between ca. 1400 and 1800 C.E. EXCEPT A the search for arable lands for production of cash crops and for sources of basic raw materials. B the ambition to resettle minority groups like Muslims and Jews outside of Christian lands. C the desire to establish direct trade routes to Asian markets. D the aspiration to spread the beliefs of the Christian religion of salvation.

In which ways are Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam similar?

A. They were all established at the same time—around the early decades of the Common Era.

B. They are all missionary religions that spread throughout a significant part of the world.

C. They all believe in a leader who is divine.

D. They all became officially banned in China and India.

Which of the following was NOT one of the commercial rivalries that led to the Seven Years' War?
A. British and French forces both sought to become dominant carriers in the Indian Ocean.

B. British and French armies separately allied with indigenous peoples in North America to outmaneuver each other.

C. Portuguese mariners removed Arab, Indian, and Malay merchants in Indian Ocean commerce. D. English pirates and privateers preyed on Spanish shipping from Mexico.

In what ways were the creation of the Russian empire and the Portuguese empire similar?

A. Both attempted to expand eastward over land. B. Both sought ways to control lucrative trade goods.

C. Both sought ways to expand their control over furs.

D. Both were more interested in short term profits rather than long term colonial holdings.

Which of the following commonly resulted from the bubonic plague?

A. a boom in population

B. an abundance of labor

C. an expansion in trade

D. an increase in workers' wages

Which of the following describes a major change that occurred in the European demand for slaves at the beginning of the thirteenth century?

A. Increasing industrialization caused a huge increase in demands for labor that Europe—depopulated after the Black Death—could not meet domestically.

B. Baltic trading cities form the Hanseatic League in partnership with cities in modern states of Great Britain, the low countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, and Russia.

C. Marco Polo publishes his tales of Eurasian travel and introduces Europeans to descriptions of many Asian products and crops.

D. Muslims introduce the technology of sugar production to European crusaders and merchants.

Why did Christianity not take hold in east Asia during the fourteenth century?

A. Few priests and missionaries were dispatched to China.

B. The Roman Catholic church was too distant.

C. Islam had already become the dominant religion.

D. East Asian peoples already possessed sophisticated religious and cultural traditions.

All of the following are true of the advances in ship and sail technology adopted by Europeans around the start of the twelfth century, contributing to the success of voyages of reconnaissance, EXCEPT

A. oar and sail drive galleys were found to be very maneuverable and suitable for sailing on the world's major oceans.

B. sternpost rudder technology, a Chinese invention, was adopted after Europeans observed how Arabs had adapted the rudder on their ships. C. caravels were a new ship type designed by Europeans and well-suited to the demands of sailing long distances.

D. square sails, which allowed sailors to benefit from a following wind, and triangular lateen sails, which were more maneuverable, allowed sailors to benefit from both following and side winds.

Why did Ibn Battuta travel such long distances within the Islamic world?

A. He functioned as an official Caliphal ambassador.

B. He accompanied large naval expeditions similar to those organized by the Chinese eunuch Zheng He.

C. He was a jurist, whose job it was to help interpret Islamic law.

D. He was a merchant, similar to Marco Polo.

In what ways did global trade transform as a result of the Columbian exchange?

A. Fur-bearing animals were hunted almost to extinction, but cod, salmon, and seals thrived as people ate more beef and pork.

B. Silk Roads trade continued, as did the trans-Saharan route, but trade across the Mediterranean stopped as Europeans concentrated on the Atlantic triangular trades.
C. More and more commodities came from all over the world rather than from close to where people lived.

D. Trade across the Pacific increased significantly, while trade across the Indian Ocean almost stopped.

The widespread use of the astrolabe and the compass are all examples of which of the following historical processes?

A. types of European innovations that were only useful for land travel

B. methods of measuring longitude on maritime travel

C. spread of technology along networks of communications and exchange

D. examples of influence of Mesoamerican astronomic observational methods and tools

The reconquista could be considered one of the causes of the Renaissance because

A. the Muslims were finally pushed out of Europe, humanists could concentrate on intellectual and artistic innovations.

B. Renaissance art could directly be connected to Iberian Islamic art.

C. many of the ancient philosophers were rediscovered in the Iberian libraries where they had been translated into Arabic and Hebrew.

D. soldiers who helped conquer Spain for the Christians went to fight in the Crusades and brought back many of the cultural traditions of classic Greek and Roman cultures.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the Dutch involvement in the East Indies in the mid-1600s C.E. (in what is now Indonesia) was focused on acquisition of a land empire. All of the following statements support this challenge EXCEPT

A. so few Dutch people relocated to the East Indies that the Dutch had to rely on alliances with local rulers

B. Dutch East Indies Company employees destroyed spice-producing plants outside of company control and viciously attacked people who traded spices to merchants not affiliated with the company.

C. Dutch merchants welcomed any foreign merchants who wanted to do business in the East Indies, as there were abundant profits to be made by making spices more widely available.

D. Dutch people based their commercial and military enterprises on the port of Batavia on Java, strategically located on sea lanes frequented by Chinese and Malay merchants.

Which of the following is NOT true about the Columbian exchange?

A. Human migrations, both free and coerced, resulted in significant integrations of peoples from different parts of the world.

B. The Columbian exchange of food plants, domesticated animals, and technologies permanently altered the world's natural environment.

C. Starting in the mid-1500s, contagious and infectious diseases from the eastern hemisphere were introduced to the western hemisphere, with staggering demographic effects for native peoples.

D. Global trade declined after the initial round of exchanges as people in different parts of the world adjusted to new religious beliefs that were passed across networks of communication and exchange.

All of the following were contributions made by British Captain James Cook and his crew during three voyages of reconnaissance between 1768 and 1780 C.E. EXCEPT

A. he and his crew attempted to find a way to sail north of North America to Europe, but failed.

B. one expedition's cartographer mapped the coastlines of eastern Australia and New Zealand. C. the expedition's members spent time in Polynesia, visiting Tahiti, Tonga, and Hawai'i.

D. Cook and his crew made the first circumnavigation of the globe by Europeans.

What advantages did having a "trading post empire" afford the Portuguese?

A. It allowed them to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean, thus becoming very wealthy very quickly.

B. It allowed them to amass large swaths of territory without having to manage it too much since merchants policed each other.

C. It brought them close to natives, which the Roman Catholic monarchy saw as a benefit since they could convert so many of them to Christianity.

D. It allowed them to control trade without having to manage a lot of territory or people

"Rounding the Cape..." --Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer, 1498

Spanish exploration and colonization during the fifteenth century differs most strongly from Portuguese exploration and colonization during the fifteenth century in which of the following ways?

A. The Spanish were seeking to reach India by crossing the Atlantic.

B. Most Spanish explorers were seeking to colonize a place where they would be free to practice their religion.

C. Spain dominated the overland trade routes with India because of their strong relationship with the Ottoman Empire whereas Portugal dominated the sea lanes.

D. The primary motive of Spanish explorers was to spread Christianity whereas the Portuguese were only concerned with economics.

Portugal's voyages along the African coast during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries resulted in which of the following?

A. The development of the encomienda system in Portuguese colonies in Africa

B. The strengthening of the mission system along the African coast

C. The export of large numbers of slaves from Africa

D. The growth of a plantation economy in eastern Africa

"Because China's large land mass and basic economic elf-sufficiency, foreign trade was always peripheral to the economy as a whole..." --Lloyd E. Eastman, Family, Field, and Ancestors, 1988

Which of the following statements best supports a cause of the trend described in the passage?

A. A decrease in silver mining in Japan

B. Chinese territorial expansion into Mongolia

C. An increase in trade relationships with Europe D. The shift from an agrarian society to an industrial society

"Because China's large land mass and basic economic elf-sufficiency, foreign trade was always peripheral to the economy as a whole..." --Lloyd E. Eastman, Family, Field, and Ancestors, 1988

The passage supports which of the following trends in the period 1450-1750?

A. The flow of silver led to commercialization and a global economy.

B. Mercantilism was introduced in China to compete with Europe.

C. European countries launched efforts in China. D. Plantation economies grew in the eastern hemisphere.

Calicut, India, 1572

Which of the following was a continuity since the Classical era for empires engaged in the trade network reflected in the image?

A. Understanding of global trade winds and ocean current patterns

B. Cartography based on longitude and latitude

C. Mercantilist policies to provide financial support

D. New European settlements due to population increases though the religious institutions were preserved.

Calicut, India, 1572

The image above supports which of the following trends in the creation of European trading empires?

A. The European spread of Christianity was a major unifying force in Asia, while blending native traditions to help solidify power in the Americas. B. The slave trade was reserved to the Atlantic while the slave trade was almost non-existent in the Indian Ocean.

C. Europeans focused on gaining territorial control of raw materials in Asia, while control of populations was more important in Africa.

D. Europeans mainly established networks of trading posts in Africa and Asia, while focusing on territorial control in the Americas.

Which of the following answer choices best describes a response to the trends shown on the graph during the period 1450-1800?

A. Decreases in the demand for labor

B. Changes in trade patterns due to rising global temperatures

C. Increases in traditional peasant agriculture

D. The development of wide-scale animal husbandry

"Ibn Battuta traveled primarily in Muslim-ruled lands, the Dar al-Islam [House or Abode of Islam], while the Christian Polo, son of a European merchant, lived and worked in countries whose cultures and religions were foreign to him..." Marco Polo and lbn Battuta: The Merchant and the Pilgrim

Which of the following were most responsible for influencing the point of view of the travelers mentioned in the passage?

A. religion and economics

B. military and technology

C. social hierarchy and governance

D. religion and philosophy

"Ibn Battuta traveled primarily in Muslim-ruled lands, the Dar al-Islam [House or Abode of Islam], while the Christian Polo, son of a European merchant, lived and worked in countries whose cultures and religions were foreign to him..." Marco Polo and lbn Battuta: The Merchant and the Pilgrim

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the difference in the worlds in which Polo and Ibn Battuta traveled?

A. Polo traveled to areas that shared his language and religion while Ibn Battuta did not.

B. Polo traveled primarily to areas that were less prosperous than where he grew up while Ibn Battuta traveled to areas that were more prosperous than where he grew up.

C. Polo traveled to regions very different from Europe while Ibn Battuta traveled mostly within the Islamic world.

D. Polo traveled to regions that Europe was closely connected to while Ibn Battuta traveled to regions that were not

"Throughout the sixteenth century, the Safavi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world, dedicated to the defense and propagation of Shi' a doctrines at home and abroad..." William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West, 1963

Which would be the most useful source of evidence to support McNeill's contention that "the Safavi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world"?

A. writings by Safavids about Shi 'a beliefs

B. writings by modern-day Muslim historians

C. writings by Ottoman religious leaders of that time about the Safavids

D. writings by archaeologists about discoveries of Safavid and Ottoman religious relics

"Throughout the sixteenth century, the Safavi [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world, dedicated to the defense and propagation of Shi' a doctrines at home and abroad..." William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West, 1963

What brought an end to the "normal state of hostility" between the Safavids and Ottomans mentioned in the passage?

A. Safavid fervor for its brand of Islam slowly declined until the two empires stopped fighting. B. The constant fighting increased the respect of the empires for each other, which eventually led to peace between them.

C. Both sides united to fight against European Christian forces that threatened them.

D. The Ottomans slowly gained greater power and were able to stop the agitation by the Safavids.

This model of a caravel shows some of the innovations that made ocean travel easier. The specific technological innovation depicted here that improved deep water navigation was the

A. compass

B. upper deck oars

C. astrolabe

D. lateen sails

"And so at the rumor of the rich deposits of mercury ... in the years 1570 and 1571, they started the construction of the town of Huancavelica de Oropesa in a pleasant valley at the foot of the range..." Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies, 1622

The excerpt implies that Espinosa felt

A. sympathy for those working in the mine

B. loyalty to the Spanish government

C. concern for the souls of the indigenous population

D. interest primarily in making profits from the mine

"And so at the rumor of the rich deposits of mercury ... in the years 1570 and 1571, they started the construction of the town ofHuancavelica de Oropesa in a pleasant valley at the foot of the range." Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies, 1622

The conditions faced by the Indian laborers described in the passage was most similar to those of

A. enslaved Africans in North America

B. bureaucrats serving in Song China

C. guild members in European cities

D. merchants involved in the trans-Saharan trade

Which explanation for the cause of the rapid spread of the Black Death is best supported by this map?

A. the migrations of Central Asians into eastern Europe

B. the spread of rodents through trade

C. pollution caused by growing concentrations of people in cities

D. poverty among Europeans resulting from feudalism

One significant long-term impact of the Black Death was

A. the end of the Indian Ocean as a viable trade network

B. the decline of the feudal system in Europe

C. the increased use of camels in the Silk Roads trade

D. the rise of the Ottoman Turks

When the Portuguese arrived in India they found that the Indians

A. were impressed by the quality of the trade goods they brought

B. were not interested because the goods were items they already had.

C. wanted to know if the Portuguese had brought slaves with them.

D. thought the goods the Portuguese brought were not worth trading for.

The Trinity (Trinita) was the first painting to

A. use perspective.

B. use the fresco technique

C. portray Christ on the cross

D. use oil paint.

The idea of perspective started in part with the artists of the Renaissance using the optical ideas of

A. al-Hazen

B. al-Bruni

C. Brunelleschi

D. Toscanelli

The dome of the Florence Cathedral was created by

A. Toscanelli

B. Brunelleschi

C. da Vinci

D. Masaccio

"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver..." Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 c.E.

The description of the route Portuguese sailors took in the first paragraph most directly supports which of the following historical developments? A. Chinese merchants' domination of East Asian trade

B. Competition between Dutch and Portuguese traders for markets in Japan

C. European participation in East Asian trade patterns

D. Jesuit missionary work in Japan and China

"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver..." Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 c.E.

In addition to the sources of silver mentioned in the first paragraph. the greatest volume of additional silver came to China from which of the following regions?

A. Central Asia

B. Europe

C. The Middle East

D. The New World

"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver..." Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 c.E.

The description in the second paragraph of the procedures that Portuguese and other foreigners followed when trading in China supports which of the following inferences about trade policy in the later Ming Dynasty?

A. The Ming Dynasty was very supportive of and welcoming to all commercial enterprise.

B. The Ming Dynasty sought to regulate trade strictly to limit contact with foreigners and ease collection of taxes.

C. The Ming Dynasty was too busy battling pirates along its coast to pay any attention to regular merchant activity.

D. The Ming Dynasty only allowed Portugal to trade with China through Canton, permitting only one boat a year.

"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver..." Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.

Which of the following developments from the period 1450-1750 C.E. most directly undid the trade patterns mentioned in the first paragraph? A. The eastward expansion of Russia

B. The Portuguese conquest of India

C. The establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate

D. The Spanish conquest of Mexico

"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]..."

Alfred Crosby, Historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004 Copyright C, 2015 Cambridge University Press.

Crosby's argument in the passage is most likely a response to which of the following developments of the period 1450-1750C.E.?

A. The development of direct trade links between Western Europe and India

B. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution

C. The colonization of North and South America by Western Europeans

D. The increasing development of seafaring technologies

"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]..."

Alfred Crosby, Historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004 Copyright C, 2015 Cambridge University Press.

Which of the following would best support the author's assertion regarding the "quantum jump" that would help Western Europe achieve global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E.?

A. The colonization of the interior of Africa

B. The conquest of the Aztec Empire

C. The reformation of Catholic Christianity

D. The isolationism of Tokugawa Japan

"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]..." Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004 Copyright C, 2015 Cambridge University Press.

The "quantum jump" mentioned in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

A. A breakdown in trade routes through the collapse of the established state structure

B. An increase in the population of the world through more plentiful supplies of food

C. The spread of Chinese and Indian belief systems across the world

D. An increase in social unrest

"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved?" Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.

Which of the following best characterizes the author's attitude in the passage?

A. Cynicism about the loyalty of a ruler's subjects B. Optimism about the fair-mindedness of political leaders

C. Criticism of the religious establishment

D. Ambivalence about the future of his economic prospects

"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved?" Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.

Machiavelli's treatise is best understood in the context of which of the following?

A. A time of burgeoning economic prosperity among the lower classes of Italian society

B. A time of increasing religious devotion among the elite Italian scholars

C. A time of intense political conflict among warring Italian city-states and other factions

D. A time of collegial cooperation between scholars and ecclesiastical authorities in Italy

"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved?" Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.

The political philosophy espoused in the text above is different from those of the medieval period in which of the following ways?

A. It accepted the notion that monarchs were justified in asserting their authority.

B. It was a pragmatic rather than an ethical or religious ideology.

C. It stressed the importance of looking back to the classical past.

D. It did not rely upon strong concepts of equality across class boundaries.

The voyage as shown in the map most clearly demonstrates which of the following developments of the time period?

A. The strength of European business ventures in India during the sixteenth century

B. A lack of interest in the New World on the part of Portuguese explorers

C. The inaccessibility of Muslim lands at the dawn of the sixteenth century

D. Portuguese dominance in sea exploration during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries

Which of the following conclusions about the early sixteenth century is most directly supported by the map?

A. Portugal was primarily interested in exploration of the African and Asian coasts.

B. Vasco da Gama was the first European to embark on intercontinental travel by sea.

C. European nations began to look outward for economic opportunities

D. Europeans began mass migrations to distant lands in the early sixteenth century.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning Asian nations' interactions with European powers throughout the sixteenth century?

A. Japan actively engaged with Portuguese traders and missionaries throughout the century. B. India long resisted European attempts to establish ports along its coast.

C. Ming rulers successfully maintained an isolationist policy despite European attempts to create more trade with China.

D. Asian countries exclusively had interactions with Spanish and Portuguese traders throughout the sixteenth century before other European nations finally became interested in exploring the East.

Which of the following best explains the impact of the trade relationship between the Portuguese and Africans in the sixteenth century?

A. Unlike other European nations, the Portuguese mostly ignored the trading opportunities available in Africa, and instead chose to focus on economic expansion in Asia.

B. The Portuguese engaged in trade for gold and salt, but unlike other European powers, refused to participate in the slave trade.

C. The Portuguese set up ports along the western and southern Afncan coasts which led to beneficial economic opportunities for many African people.

D. The Portuguese exploited human labor by bringing enslaved Africans to Europe.

Which of the following correctly characterizes one consequence of the layout of transatlantic slave ships, as shown in Source l?

A. Many enslaved people died of disease in the crowded hulls of tightly packed ships.

B. Slave ships often sank due to overcrowding and imbalanced weight allotment.

C. Enslaved people were forced to assist m the rowing of the slave ships.

D. Slave ships carried approximately equal numbers of enslaved people as crewmembers.

Which of the following most accurately depicts the historical context of the movements of goods and people during the centuries of transatlantic trade?

A. Enslaved people to the Americas; cotton, sugar, and tobacco to Europe; textiles, rum, and raw goods to Africa
B. Enslaved people to Africa; cotton, sugar, and tobacco to Europe; textiles, rum, and raw goods to the Americas
C. Cotton, sugar, and tobacco to the Americas; enslaved people to Europe; textiles, rum, and raw goods to Africa
D. Enslaved people to the Americas; cotton, sugar, and tobacco to Africa; textiles, rum, and raw goods to Europe