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mycology
study of fungi
fungi classification
heterotrophs
ecologically diverse
decomposers
recycle nutrients
mycorrhizae
symbiotic with plants
beneficial
components of fungi
hypae
cell wall
mycelium
spores
hypae
majority of fungi
slender filaments
chitin
makes up cell wall in fungi
mycelium
mass of hypae
spores
most common means of reproduction in fungi
both asexual and sexual
endomycorrhizae
inside plant root cells
ectomycorrhizae
between plant root cells
Phyla of fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
phylum of fungi
aquatic
only fungi with flagella
decomposers
Allomyces
Zygomycota
phylum of fungi
decomposers
fruit rotters
Rhizopus
Glomeromycota
phylum of fungi
endomycorrhizae
Ascomycota
phylum of fungi
70% of fungi
decomposers, ectomycorrhizae, pathogens
Sordaria, Peziza, Saccharomyces, Morchella, powdery mildew
Basidiomycota
phylum of fungi
decomposers, mycorrhizae, pathogens
Puccinia, Coprinus, corn smut, Agaricus bisporus, Amanita
Dueteromycetes
“second fungus”
have asexual names, but also have sexual stages
monokaryotic
one nucleus per cell
dikaryotic
two distinct nuclei per cell
coenocytic
many nuclei to intermingle in common cytoplasm
homokaryotic
nuclei are genetically the same
heterokaryotic
nuclei from genetically distinct individuals
plasmogamy
hyphae of opposite mating types fusing
karyogamy
nuclei coming together
bacidium
n+n
features of animals
multicellular heterotrophs
diverse
no cell walls
active movement
sexual reproduction
specific pathways of embryotic development
small aminals
“keep up” with metabolism with diffusion and osmosis
large animals
adaptations to increase surface area
lungs, heart, digestive system
radial symmetry
central axis
Cnidarians
bilateral symmetry
right and left halves
dorsal vs. ventral
anterior vs. posterior
acoelomate
no body cavity outside digestive tract
flat worms
pseudocoelomate
body cavity does not completely surround internal organs
round worms
coelomate
body cavity completely surrounds internal organs
segmented worms
protostome
mouth first
blastopore forms mouth
dueterostome
mouth second
blastopore forms anus
Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata
majority of animals
beetles
half of all insects
ray-finned fish
half of all vertebrates
Porifera
phylum of animals
sponges
have spicules
flagella pointing inside
Grantia
spicules
give form in Porifera
Cnidaria
phylum of animals
have radial symmetry
have a Cnidocyte
Medusa shaped
Cnidarian shape
mesoglea top, gastric cavity, mouth
jellyfish (Arelia)
polyp shaped
Cnidarian shape
mesoglea bottom, gastric cavity, mouth
can attach via mesogea
sea anemone
Cnidocyte
cells used to capture food in cnidarians
can inject toxins
Hydroza
class of Cnidarians
mostly very small and polyp shaped
Hydra
Scyphozoa
class of Cnidarians
mostly medusa shaped
Aurelia, jellyfish
Anthrozoa
class of Cnidarians
corals and anemones
provide habitat
can have photosynthetic symbiant
Platyheminthes
phylum of animals
protostomes
flatworms
Dugesia
Taenia
tapeworm
head has attaching structures
Mollusca
phylum of animals
protosomes → lophotrochoroans
lophotrochoroan
specific larva
Gastropoda
class of mollusks
snails and slugs
radula
in the mouth of snails
Bivalva
class of mollusks
clams, muscles, and oysters
Cephalopoda
class of mollusks
octopi, squid, and cuddlefish
can change skin color
Annelida
phylum of animals
protosomes → lophotrochoroans
segmented worms
Oligochaetes (earthworms)
Lumbricus
make macropores in soil
macropores
allow oxygen and water to flow through soil
Nematoda
phylum of animals
protostomes → ecdysozoans
roundworms
Turbatrix
ecdysozoan
able to molt
stylet
in plant-parasitic nematodes
like a needle
sucks up plant juices
Arthropoda
phylum of animals
protostomes → ecdysozoa
Chelicerata
subphyla of arthropods
spiders
Myriapoda
subphyla of arthropods
centipedes and millipedes
Crustacea
subphyla of arthropods
crabs
Insecta
subphyla of arthropods
names of orders based on wings
Diptera
order of insects
“two winged”
flies
Hymnenoptera
order of insects
“membrane wing”
wasps and hornets
Coleoptera
order of insects
wings under sheath
beetles
Hemiptera
order of insects
“half winged”
predators
true bugs
Lepidoptera
order of insects
“scale wing”
butterflies and moths
Odonata
order of insects
fierce predators
dragonflies
Echinodermata
phylum of animals
deuterostomes
“tube feet”
starfish and sea urchins
Chordata
phylum of animals
have four features during development
pharyngeal slit
dorsal nerve cord
notocord
post anal tail
Cephalochordata
subphyla of chordates
Lancelet
Urochordata
subphyla of chordates
Tunicates
Vertebrata
subphyla of chordates
Lamprey
jawless vertebrate
Chondrichthyes
class of vertebrates
cartilaginous fish
sharks and rays
Actinopterygii
class of vertebrates
ray-finned fish
Amphibia
class of vertebrates
frogs and snakes
Aves
class of vertebrates
birds
Mammalia
class of vertebrates
have mammary glands and hair
light dependent reactions in photosynthesis
water in, oxygen out
in photosystem II
produces ATP and NADPH
thylakoid
sack of membrane in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
has photosystems
Light independent reactions in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide in, sugar out
Calvin Cycle
uses ATP and NADPH
stomata
stomata
waxy cuticle that keeps water in
opening with two guard cells
overall reaction of photosynthesis
6 H2O + 6CO2 + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
electron transport
movement of electrons in thylakoids
ATP synthase
ATP + Photosystem I + protons → ATP
rubisco
most abundant protein
calvin cycle
atp and nadph used to make sugar in stroma with rubisco
photorespiration
rubisco taking in o2 instead of co2
unable to make sugar
C4 plants
plants where co2 is converted to C4 molecule
can outcompete C3 plants in hot, arid conditions
corn
Zea mays
monocot
C4
buttercup
Ranunculus
dicot
C3
Note
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