AP European History - Vocab

Taille

Direct tax on the peasantry in France

Flagellants

People who punish themselves as a from of penance

Bubonic Plague

Contagious, sometimes fatal, disease that affects the buboes caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis

Jacquerie

Bloody peasant revolts in France

Named for popular revolutionary Jacques Bonhomme

Famine

Widespread scarcity of food in a geographical area

Jacquerie

A revolt started by peasants during the Hundred Years’ War in 1358

Estates General

A representative council of townspeople, clergy and nobles in France

Battle of Crecy

A battle during the Hundred Years’ War that led to the English taking over the power of Calais for nearly two centuries

Inquisition

A fight against heretics by several groups and institutions who belonged to the Catholic Church

Magna Carta

Was signed by the King John of England granting the nobles and barons specific rights and previlidges. This is the first document to grant commoners such rights

Kiev

City, in present day Ukraine, that was the cultural and political center of development of the Russian state

Boyars

Members of the upper class in Russia; they were landowners and members of the government

Kievan Rus

The medieval state of Russian from the 9th to the mid 13th century, centered around the city state of Kiev

Clericis laicos

A paper bull that forbade lay taxation upon the clergy without papal approval and revoked all previous papal dispensations

Golden Horde

Mongol army who conquered a majority of Asia including Russia

Donates

A teaching which relied upon the basis that the efficacy of the church’s sacraments did not rely on their performance but also on the moral character of the clergy who administered them

Ausculta fili

Papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII, meaning “Listen my Son”, stating that apple authority ranks above the King’s authority

Unam Sanctam

Papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII stating that temporal authority, power of the state, is consent of the spiritual authority, power of the church.

Rota Romana

The legal court of the Catholic Church developed by Pope Urban IV

Sacrosancta

A declaration unifying the supremacy of one newly elected pope as a result of the Council of Constance

Humanism

The study and focus on human values and concerns reborn during the Renaissance.

Platonism

Any philosophy that encompasses the ideas and works of Plato

Perspective

The method of creating the appliance of three dimensional objects and spatial relationships on a two demential platform or plane

Condottieri

Mercenaries contracted to defend the Italian city states and papcy

Mannerism

Period of European art that focused on intellectual sophistication rather than perspective and naturalistic qualities

Gabelle

A salt tax in France, before the revolution in 1789, that was very unpopular because it was one of the most unequal taxes in the country

Golden Bull

The agreement in 1356 to establish a seven member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor

Mesta

Powerful association of sheep holders in the kingdom of Castile, Spain

Hermandad

Means “brotherhood” of armed individuals who acted as a peacekeeping organization in medieval Spain

Reichstag

Imperial diet created in the 5th century as a National Assembly to control feuding between the many Germanic kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire

Hacienda

Large estates used by Spanish settlers in the New World

Black Legend

A trend in depicting in native populations in biased, exaggerated and fabricated fashions

Conquistadores

Referring to Spanish and Portugese soldiers who took control of the New World

Encomienda

Spanish system that allowed settlers to control the land and village on the property that they were granted

Repartimiento

System of forced labor upon native populations of spanish America and the Philippines

Excommunication

Denial by the church of the right to receive the Holy Sacraments

Hapsburgs

Austrian ruling family that controlled the empires of Spain, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire from 15th to 18th century

Vernacular

The native language of a population in a specific area or region

Indulgence

A remission on the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven

Diet of Worms

In 1521 Martin Luther was declared a heretic and outlawed by the Catholic Church and Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, for refusing to recant his statements against the Church attacking their infallibility and authority.

Council of Trent

Meeting of the Catholic Church to “reform” the church as a result of the Reformation.

Cuius regio eius religio

“Whose realm, his religion” refers to the Latin phrase describing the decision of the Diet of Augsburg

Cantons

Loose confederacy of states

Diet of Augsburg’s

Each kingdom in Germany was able to choose its own religion based upon the preference of the prince ruling that kingdom.

Act of Supremacy

King of England is the temporal and spiritual authority as head of the nation.

Marburg Colloquy

Meeting between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli to unify the protestant reformation against the Catholic Church in 1529. It was unsuccessful due to disagreements between the interpretation of the scripture

Idealism

The theory that the object of eternal perception consists of ideas.

Dramatist

One who writes plays

Illegitimate

Born of parents who are not legally married to one another or out of wedlock

Wet nursing

A women who suckles another women’s child or treats another person with excessive care

Vocation

A regular occupation for which a person is suited or qualified; to undertake certain kind of work especially a religious career

Spanish Armada

The great Spanish naval fleet that ruled the seas until their defeat by the British under Elizabeth I in 1588

Huguenots

French Protestants who faced tremendous religious prosecution under rulers such as Catherine de Medici and Charles V

Politiques

Rulers who practiced political unity over religious strife by urging tolerance, moderation and compromise

Treaty of Westphalia

A series of peace agreements signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Protestants

Edict of Nantes

Law granting religious and civil liberties to Huguenots issued by Henry IV and revoked by Louis XIV

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Dutch East India Company

A corporation that helped facilitate the economic growth and trading between the Netherlands and colonial outposts along with spice markets across parts of the world

Parliamentary monarchy

Where the head of the state is a monarch but the government is based around the parliament

Fronde

Series of widespread rebellions among French nobles between 1649-1652 in response to the centralizing policies of Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin

Dauphin

Title given to the heir of the French throne

Jansenism

A Catholic religious movement that rose in 1630s as opposition to the theology and political ideology of the Jesuits

Junkers

German noble landlords

Parlements

Regional judicial bodies that would confer with the King before major decisions were made

Liberum Veto

A practice by the Polish diet to oppose any single member who might have been bribed by a foreign power and disband the governing body

Pragmatic Sanction

An edict issues by Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the Austrian throne and Hapsburg lands could be inherited by a daughter

Romanov

The royal family of Russia hat brought stability and centralized power in the country in the 17th century

The Great Northern War

An early victory by Peter the Great of Russia against Charles XII of Sweden, which led to Russia acquiring Baltic seaport access through the peace of Nystand

Peter the Great

The leader of Russia from 1689 to 1725 who helped westernize Russia, build up its military and become a formidable European power

Holy Synod

The Russian Orthodox Church’s government department

Table of Ranks

A table that listed and equated ones position in Russian society with rank in bureaucracy or the military rather than through landed social status, thus meritocraticlly aligning positions with people

Streltsy

The guards of the Moscow prison

Heliocentric

The theory that the sun was the center of the Universe

Scientific Induction

The belief that scientists drew generalizations from testing hypotheses against empirical observations

Mechanism

The theory that the world can be explained in terms of mechanical metaphors or the language of machinery

Rational Deduction

The scientific method of using reasoning from general principle to arrive at specific facts

Empiricsm

The theory that the experience of the senses is the only source of knowledge

Projectors

People who sold their ideas to the highest bidder

Geocentricm

The theory that Earth was the center of the universe

Physico-Theology

Belief that reconnected faith and science which stated that religious thought and conclusions were derived from nature,

Sabbats

The term given to describe the mass meetings of witches who attended these meetings by flying to them

Baroque

A style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and 18th centuries that followed mannerism and characterized by ornate detail

Midwives

A person, typically a woman, trained to assist in childbirth

Aristocracy

A class of persons holding exceptional rank and privilege, especially the hereditary nobility

Neolocalism

Residential trend where newly married couples live independently in a new location

Cift

Term used to describe the domain of the Ottoman Lords

Robot

A term used to describe the services of the serfs provided to the Lords of the Habsburg Lands

Peerage

The right of the eldest son to inherit the land and the title of the family as well as the right to sit in the House of Lords

Family Economy

A model in which the household is the main unit of production and consumption

Corvees

Forced labor on public lands which was done by the peasantry and not the nobility

Aristocratic Resurgence

Reaction of the nobility to the threat against their social position and privileges due to the extended power of the monarchy

Seignuer

Term designed for a man of rank especially feudal lord

Banalites

Feudal dues paid by the French peasantry

Servant

A man or women hired under contract to work for a house in exchange for room, board and wages

Old regime

Term referring to the life and institutions of pre-revolution Europe. It especially refers to the political, social, and economic relationships of France during the French Revolution

Szlachta

The nobility in Poland who were completely exempt form taxes

Barshchina

Labor required of Russian sets; as much as 6 days a week

Domestic (Pulling Out) System

Method of producing textiles in which the agents furnished raw materials to household members who spun them into thread then then wove them into cloth, which the agents sold as finished products

Agricultural Revolution

A series of innovations in farm productions, which included new crops and methods, that began with the Western European landlords in response to increased incomes and lifestyles

Enclosures

The consolidation or fencing of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. it involved the reclamation of waste lands and consolidation of strips into block fields.