cognitive psych 1

The branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior

Being a rationalist, _____ believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

Being an empiricist, _______ believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence

___________ felt that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive

________ believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation

__________ argued that both rationalism and empiricism have their place–which is accepted by most psychologists in the present

First major school of thought in psychology. Seeks to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components

__________ is a German psychologist who is often viewed as the founder of structuralism

looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness

He certainly helped bring structuralism to the United States. His experiments relied solely on the use of introspection.

Suggested that psychologists should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents. Seeks to understand what people do and why they do it

knowledge is validated by its usefulness.

leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism; authored the Principles of Psychology.

Examines how elements of the mind can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning. may result from contiguity, similarity, or contrast.

________ was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically. Specifically, he studied about the role of repetitions in learning– called rehearsal–using nonsense syllables.

_______ held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations. He termed this principle the law of effect.

Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. _________ may be considered an extreme version of associationism

His landmark work paved the way for development of behaviorism

Father of Radical Behaviorism. He believed that psychologists must concentrate only on observable behavior

proposed the concept of operant conditioning - strengthening or weakening behavior through rewards and punishments.

_________ suggested that all behavior is directed towards a goal. He is viewed sometimes as the forefather of modern cognitive psychology.

__________ stated that learning appears to result from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others. This consideration of social learning opens the way to considering what is happening inside the mind of the individual.

We best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes. “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”.

the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think. It rejects the notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable. It is a synthesis of earlier forms of analysis such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.

_________ considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior – most of which are not readily explicable in terms of simple conditioning

proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain. Cell assemblies are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation.

_________ stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.

a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans.

the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

It is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to surrounding environment.

people’s understanding and control of their own thinking processes.

person’s ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures.

Proposed by John Caroll. Intelligence compromises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities: Stratum I, II, III.

narrow, specific abilities.

broad abilities

single general intelligence

is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems.

accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

Proposed by Howard Gardner. There are eight distinct intelligences that are relatively independent of each other

Proposed by Robert Sternberg Emphasizes the extent to which different aspects of intelligence work together: Creative, Analytical, and Practical abilities.

are used to generate novel ideas

ascertain whether ideas are good ones

are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value

higher- order executive processes used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem solving

Lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents

the processes used for learning how to solve the problems in the first place