APES- Required Equations and Formulas

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Hydrocarbons (C_xH_y) + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

CO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃^-

O₃ + Cl → O₂ + ClO

NO_x + VOCs + heat + sunlight → smog

Population

Area

70

Percent growth rate

(Births - Deaths) x 100

Number of people

Final - Initial

Final time - Initial time

(Final -Initial) x 100

Initial

Gross primary productivity (GPP) - Respiration

• GPP = Rate of photosynthesis by plants

• GPP = Total solar energy captured by plants − Energy lost due to respiration by plants

Distance traveled

Unit of fuel consumed

The 10% rule states that roughly only 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels in a food chain, with the rest being lost as heat.

Dose

Weight

• Sets six criteria air pollutants (SOx, NOx, CO, PM, O3, VOC)

• Set primary and secondary standards

• Can’t discharge pollutants w/o permit

• goal for all water to be swimmable and drinkable

• Funds protections of wetlands

• International agreements on trade

• Superfund

• Main purpose is to clean up abandoned toxic waste sites

• Money comes from tax of companies that produce waste

• Ozone regulations

• Delete consumption of CFCs

• Reduce GHG

• US Law

• Places restrictions on recreational or commercial acts on endangered/threatened animals

• Requires recovery plans