Studied by 49 peopleEverything is interconnected (identity comes from connection)
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Existence of many truths
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Land is sacred and cannot be owned by individuals
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Time is non-linear (cyclical) (circle of life)
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Humans aren’t the center of creation; natural world is just as important
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Gaining wealth is good for the community, not just the individual
Native/Indigenous major beliefs
Wamsutta (Frank James)
Wampanoag man; refused to value myth over historical fact (Native/Indigenous Person)
Gregg Deal
Modern-day artist; refuses to continue stereotypes (Native/Indigenous Person)
“Suppressed Speech”
Title of story by Wamsutta (Frank James) -Native/Indigenous Person
“Indigenous in Plain Sight”
Title of story by Gregg Deal -Native/Indigenous Person
There is an omnipotent God who created the universe and is personally involved with humans
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
All human life is sacred and all persons of equal dignity
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
History is linear and moves toward a final goal
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
Nature is controlled by God and is an orderly system
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
Humanity is not the center of the universe, but is a steward of creation
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
Righteousness will triumph over evil
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
Earthly life does not exhaust human existence but looks ahead to the resurrection (belief in an afterlife)
The Age of Faith -Christian Theism major beliefs
Anne Bradstreet
Her husband assured readers that she fulfilled her household duties first (The Age of Faith Christian Theist)
Jonathan Edwards
Preached “hellfire and brimstone” (The Age of Faith Christian Theist)
“To My Dear and Loving Husband”
Title of story by Anne Bradstreet (The Age of Faith Christian Theist)
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
Title of story by Jonathan Edwards (The Age of Faith Christian Theist)
There is an authoritative inspired source from which humanity should base its society (The Bible)
The Age of Reason (Deism)
There was once an omnipotent God, but once creation was complete, this God chose to absent himself from creation
-OR
World is like a clock wound up by God many years ago and then left on its own
The Age of Reason (Deism)
Also known as “The Enlightenment”
The Age of Reason (Deism)
God chose to be absent so that rationalism could take over
The Age of Reason (Deism)
During the Revolutionary War, writing was used to communicate and rally the troops
The Age of Reason (Deism)
Ben Franklin
He valued hard work
Wrote maxims praising the virtues of thrift and persistence
(The Age of Reason -Deism)
Thomas Jefferson
Quiet-spoken
Chosen by the nation to write its most important document
(The Age of Reason -Deism)
”Poor Richard’s Almanac”
”The Whistle”
Title of story written by Ben Franklin (The Age of Reason - Deism)
“Declaration of Independence
Title of story written by Thomas Jefferson (The Age of Reason - Deism)
Worshipped the imagination
Romanticism major belief
Our emotions help the external world make sense, and they give it meaning
Romanticism major belief
Portrays the uncommon
Romanticism major belief
Extraordinary people in unusual circumstances
Romanticism major belief
Nature was God and was very good
Romanticism major belief
Original sin was man’s separation from nature
Romanticism major belief
Human intuition replaced the Holy Spirit
Romanticism major belief
James Fenimore Cooper
Invented the adventure tale
First internationally famous writer
(Romanticism)
Washington Irving
Invented the short story form
Long descriptions of nature
(Romanticism)
“A Rescue” from The Deerslayer
Title of story written by James Fenimore Cooper (Romanticism)
“The Devil and Tom Walker”
Title of story written by Washington Irving (Romanticism)
Use of the supernatural
Romanticism -Gothic/Romantic Pessimism major beliefs
Dark landscapes, depressed characters
Romanticism -Gothic/Romantic Pessimism major beliefs
Emphasis on strange, bizarre, unusual, or unexpected
Romanticism -Gothic/Romantic Pessimism major beliefs
Idealization of love - love as something pure and nobel that will last beyond death
Romanticism -Gothic/Romantic Pessimism major beliefs
Edgar Allen Poe
Perfected the short story
Popularized the detective story
Single emotional effect: one particular mood should dominate
(Romanticism - Gothic Pessimism)
“Annabel Lee”
“The Tell-Tale Heart”
Title of story written by Edgar Allan Poe (Romanticism -Gothic/Romantic Pessimism)
Believed that man was basically good
Romanticism -Transcendentalism major belief
Believed in individualism and plain living
Romanticism -Transcendentalism major belief
Individuals should act according to their personal beliefs rather than follow the dictates of society - (non conformity)
Romanticism -Transcendentalism major belief
Each person is inherently good, capable of making rational decisions and is worthy of respect
Romanticism -Transcendentalism major belief
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Led (invented) New England Transcendental movement
(Romanticism -Transcendentalism)
Henry David Thoreau
Famous follower of Emerson
Put Transcendental ideas into practice
(Romanticism -Transcendentalism)
“Self-Reliance”
Title of story written by Ralph Waldo Emerson (Romanticism -Transcendentalism)
“Walden”
Title of story written by Henry David Thoreau (Romanticism -Transcendentalism)
Disagreed with Transcendental beliefs
Romanticism -Anti-Transcendentalism major beliefs
Disagreed with the inherent goodness of man
Romanticism -Anti-Transcendentalism major beliefs
Disagreed with the worship of nature
Romanticism -Anti-Transcendentalism major beliefs
Herman Melville
Writings were not appreciated during his lifetime
(Romanticism -Anti-Transcendentalism)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Human isolation was a theme he explored again and again
The mysteries of the human heart and the questions of human evil are the true subjects of Hawthorne’s writing
(Romanticism -Anti-Transcendentalism)
“Moby Dick”
Title of story written by Herman Melville (Romanticism - Anti-Transcendentalism)
“The Minister's Black Veil”
Title of story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Romanticism - Anti-Transcendentalism)
Focused on the details of ordinary lives, refusing to idealize life
Realism major beliefs
Bad things happen all the time to good people
Realism major beliefs
There is no God or force for good
Realism major beliefs
Still sought some meaning as long as it was something that could be seen or felt
Realism major beliefs
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote one of the most influential books of social criticism
Known as the little lady who started the great war
(Realism)
Mark Twain
Famous humorist whose real name was Samuel Clemens
(Realism)
Frederick Douglass
Former slave, abolitionist, and powerful speaker
(Realism)
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
Title of story written by Harriet Beecher Stowe (Realism)
“The Story of the Bad Little Boy”
"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”
Titles of stories written by Mark Twain (Realism)
“What, To the Slave, is the Fourth of July”
Title of story written by Frederick Douglass (Realism)
Nature is unpredictable and at best disinterested
Naturalism major belief
If God exists, He is ineffective
Naturalism major belief
Human life is transient, as are Truth and Good
Naturalism major belief
There is no final authority
Naturalism major belief
God is either uninterested or downright mean
Naturalism major belief
How could anyone who experienced World War I believe in a loving, living God?
Naturalism major belief
Stephen Crane
With no war experience, he wrote what is considered the greatest American war story ever written
(Naturalism)
Jack London
He was the most popular and successful writer of his time
His themes usually focused on man’s struggle with nature
(Naturalism)
“A Man Said to the Universe”
Title of story written by Stephen Crane (Naturalism)
“To Build a Fire”
Title of story written by Jack London (Naturalism)
Fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region
Local Colorists major belief
Contributed to the reunification of the country after the Civil War and to the building of a national identity
Local Colorists major belief
Walt Whitman
Invented free verse
Subject matter should be as broad as life itself
(Local Colorists)
Emily Dickinson
Unquestionably the best of the regionalists writing during the post-Civil War era
Saw the uncommon even in the most ordinary things
(Local Colorists)
“O Captain! My Captain!”
“I Hear America Singing”
Titles of stories written by Walt Whitman (Local Colorists)
“I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died”
Title of story written by Emily Dickinson (Local Colorists)
Rejected traditional themes and subject matter
Modernism major belief
Focused on alienated individuals rather than “heros” of society
Modernism major belief
Themes of impermanence and change
Modernism major belief
Use of understatement and irony to reveal important emotions and ideas
Modernism major belief
Use of stream-of-consciousness technique to further plot by showing the conflicts from both inside and outside the characters
Modernism major belief
Ernest Hemingway
Writing style is deceptively simple
Iceberg principle
T. S. Eliot
Poetry is complex and packed with allusions . . . and full of sense impressions and concrete images
Langston Hughes
Leader of the Harlem Renaissance
Invented jazz poetry
(He was the guy who was probably gay)
“A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”
Title of story written by Ernest Hemingway (Modernism)
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”
Title of story written by T. S. Eliot (Modernism)
“I Too Sing America”
Title of story written by Langston Hughes (Modernism)
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