Unit 9- Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

large request is turned down, which then leads you to be more likely to comply with a smaller request

if first impression of someone is good you’ll interpret other info about them in a good way

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

perform worse on difficult or unpracticed tasks in front of others

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

groups make riskier decisions together rather than alone

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.

“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

the tendency to favor our own group.

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

tendency to see your own race as more important than others

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal —creates anger, which can generate aggression.

emotional/impulsive anger

premediated, goal to get something

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

overestimate degree to which everyone else thinks

tendency of an individual to overestimate extent to which others are paying attention to them

feel at risk of conforming to the group, influences your behaviors, cognitions

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

(milgram) classic experiment done to teach another individual using shocks