Chapter 9: Solutions

A homogeneous mixture in which the solute formly dispersed in a solvent.

• It is one of the most common solvents in nature.

• It is polar, thus it is a polar solvent.

Occur between molecules where partially positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to the partially negative atoms.

The process of surrounding dissolved ions by water molecules.

When ____ dissolve in water, the process of dissociation separates them into ions forming solutions that conduct electricity.

When ____ dissolve in water, they do not separate into ions and their solutions do not conduct electricity.

There is 100% dissociation of the solute into ions.

A compound that dissolves in water mostly as molecules.

The amount of that ion equal to 1 mole of positive or negative electrical charge.

In any solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the _____.

• It is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a certain temperature.

• It is used to describe the amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent

• It is usually expressed in grams of solute in 100 g of solvent.

The solution does not contain the maximum amount of solute.

A solution that contains all the solutes that can dissolve.

A process that occurs when a solution is saturated, the rate at which the solute dissolves becomes equal to the rate at which the solid forms.

When a saturated solution is carefully cooled, it becomes a _____ because it contains more solute than the solubility allows.

It states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.

Ionic compounds that dissolve in water.

Ionic compounds that do not dissociate into ions in water.

The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution.

The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 g of solution.

The concentration of the volume of liquids or gases.

The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 mL of solution.

A concentration that states the number of moles of solute in exactly 1 L of solution.

A solvent is added to a solution, which increases the volume.

• It appears transparent, although it may have a color.

• The particles are so small that they go through filters and through semipermeable membranes.

• These are large molecules, such as proteins, or groups of molecules or ions.

• These are small enough to pass through filters but too large to pass through semipermeable membranes.

• These are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures that are very different from solutions or colloids.

• The particles of these are so large that they can often be seen with the naked eye.

The water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from the solution with the lower concentration of solute into a solution with a higher solute concentration.

It prevents the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution.

A pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution so that it is forced through a purification membrane.

A solution that has the same particle concentration and osmotic pressure as that of the cells of the body.

A solution that has a lower particle concentration and lower osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.

The increase in fluid causes the cell to swell, and possibly burst.

A solution that has a higher particle concentration and higher osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.

A process when the water leaves the cell, it shrinks.

• A dialyzing membrane, permits small solute molecules and ions as well as solvent water molecules to pass through, but it retains large particles, such as colloids.

• It is a way to separate solution particles from colloids.