Transcription and Translation

The process in which the genetic information in a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized RNA molecules

The enzyme that transcribes a DNA sequence into RNA molecules

Messenger RNA is single-stranded and carries information from DNA to the ribosome mRNA contains three base pair sequences called codons, which are complementary

to the DNA base pair sequence. These codons will specify specific amino acids during

translation.

Transfer RNA folds into a three-dimensional structure that acts as an adapter molecule during translation. One end of the tRNA will bind to a specific amino acid, while the other end of tRNA contains an anticodon, which will pair with the appropriate mRNA codon at the ribosome during translation

Ribosomal RNA folds into a three-dimensional structure. rRNA and proteins form

ribosomes that perform translation. The three-dimensional rRNA acts as a ribozyme,

catalyzing the reactions needed in translation.

Three nucleotide units in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.

Three nucleotide units in tRNA that are complementary to codons in corresponding mRNA molecules

The noncoding DNA sequence upstream from a gene to which RNA polymerase can bind, starting transcription of the gene.

A repetitive sequence of thymine and adenine nucleotides that is within the promoter sequence and is recognized by RNA polymerase.

Proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter sequence and begin transcription

The initial mRNA transcript formed in eukaryotic cells that needs to be modified before it can leave the nucleus and be translated. Pre-mRNAs contain introns

In eukaryotes, the processes involved in preparing a pre-mRNA molecule for export as a mature mRNA to the ribosome.

In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript that has been modified and is ready to leave the nucleus to be translated. Iintrons have been removed from mature mRNAs, a 3' poly-A tail has been added, and a 5' GTP cap is added to the mRNA to form the mature mRNA.

Noncoding RNA sequences that are removed from eukaryotic mRNA transcripts before translation

Protein coding sequences in eukaryotic mRNA transcripts that will be translated.

The addition of a guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA transcript. This 5' GTP cap allows the mature mRNA to leave the nucleus and helps with the initiation of translation at the ribosome.

A sequence of adenine nucleotides that is added to the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNAs The 3' poly-A tail helps prevent degradation of the mRNA transcript.

Structures made of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that remove the introns from pre-mRNAs and splice together the exons to form the mature mRNA transcript in eukaryotes

Small nuclear RNA molecules that make up part of the spliceosomes

MicroRNA that functions in gene regulation and RNA silencing

The process by which small microRNAs bind to mRNAs, forming a double-stranded RNA, preventing the translation of the mRNA

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins that make up part of the spliceosomes

In eukaryotes, the joining of exons in different combinations to create multiple RNA transcripts from the same gene.

The process by which a protein is synthesized based on the information provided by mRNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes, which may be in the cytoplasm, or in eukaryotes, attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Found in prokaryotes only, this refers to multiple ribosomes translating an mRNA

The first codon in an mRNA translated by the ribosome. The start codon (AUG) binds to rRNA in the ribosome, stimulating the start of transcription

The codon in mRNA that indicates the end of the polypeptide chain. The stop codon does not code for an amino acid. When the ribosome reaches the stop codon, a protein release factor binds to the ribosome, terminating translation.

Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic material. Retroviruses also contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

The enzyme in a retrovirus that makes a DNA copy of the retrovirus RNA. This DNA is then inserted into the host cell's chromosome