Anti infectives 4.1

He introduced antiseptic principles for surgery and post traumatic injury

He used ____________ (__________) as a wash for the hands, as a spray on an incision site, andonbandages applied to wounds. Lister’s principles caused a dramatic decrease in the incidenceof postsurgical infections

The father of chemotherapy

The property of certain chemicals to destroy one form of live without harming another, was the cornerstone of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy

Paul Erlich was a disciple of ______________

Name the chemical

Name the chemical

The main tenet of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy

Ehrlich’s seminal discovery paved the way for the development of the ___________ and __________ and the elucidation of the mechanisms of selective toxicity.

Herbal remedy for malaria

herbal remedy for amebic dysentery

Ehrlich’s discovery of compound 606, the effective anti syphilitic drug ______________, was a breakthrough in the treatment of a serious, previously untreatable disease.

Until the 1920s, most successful anti-infective agents were based on the group-___ element ____ and the group-___elements ________ and _________.

______________(______________________) was used for sleeping sickness

This is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoans, transmitted by bites of tse tse flies (glossina)

Name the compound

Name the compound

Anti-infective agents that are used locally are called __________, and within this classification, there are two primary subtypes and several other definitions of sanitization.

___________ are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth of (-static) microorganisms when applied to living tissue.

Ideal Characteristics of an antiseptic agent (7)

A few antibiotics, such as _______, ____________, _______________, and ___________, are poorly absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes and are used topically for the treatment of local infections.

An agent that prevents transmission of infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate objects

6 Characteristics of an ideal Disinfectant

The most important means of preventing transmission of infectious agents from person to personorfrom regions of high microbial load, such as the mouth, nose, or gut, to potential sites of infection is simply ________________

These are usually used as preoperative surgical scrubs and sterilants for surgical incisions.

It is the study and the use of chemical agents that are selectively more toxic to invading organisms than to the host.

3 Chemotherapeutic agents are classified according to their:

Anti infectives from natural source to semi-synthetic

Anti infectives produced from synthetic substance

Application of an agent to living tissue to prevent infection

Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms

The chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces

The reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes

The process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival

A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65 to 100 degrees Celsius

A standardized test in which the dilution of the chemical agent being evaluated that kills a standard number of bacteria in 10 min is compared to the dilution of phenol that accomplished the same task

Phenol Coefficient test has some faults in that the standard test organisms are ___________________, and _______________ and not the gram-negative bacteria that are usually associated with nosocomial infections.

2 Nosocomial infection

5 Modes of action

Examples of oxidizing agents

Example of dehydrating agent

Examples of Alkylating agents

Examples of agents affecting permeability

Other oxidizing agents, such as ___________, denature proteins in microorganisms through a direct oxidation reaction

These are effective against anaerobic bacteria and can be used in cleansing contaminated wounds.

the oldest germicide still in use today

2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide

AKA Strong iodine solution (5% iodine in water with potassium iodide)

2% iodine in water with sodium iodide

Iodine is one of the most effective and useful of the germicides. It acts to inactivate proteins by iodination of aromatic residues (_________ and _________) and oxidation (______ groups).

are complexes of iodine with non-ionic or cationic surfactants (solubilizers); the complex reduce the volatility of I2 and remove its irritant properties, have both bactericidal and fungicidal properties.

This is a charge-transfer complex of iodine with the nonionic surfactant PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone).

is used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site, can also be used to treat infected wounds and damage to the skin, and it is effective for local bacterial and fungal infections

Name this compound

True or false?

Povidone iodine is extremely water soluble and releases iodine very slowly

In povidone iodine, approximately ___% of the iodine in the complex is bioavailable.

These compounds have been used in the disinfection of water supplies for more than a century.

the active germicidal species that is formed when chlorine is dissolved in water led to the development and use of the first inorganic hypochlorite salts such as NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2.

Later, __________ were developed as disinfectants. These compounds release hypochlorous acid when dissolved in water, especially in the presence of acid.

The sodium salt of _________, is used to disinfect drinking water.

p-Dichlorosulfamoylbenzoic acid, photosensitive compound with a faint chlorine odor

Name this compound

Name this compound

N,N-dichlorodicarbonamidine (Azochloramid), yellow crystalline solid with a faint odor of chlorine, unstable to light or heat. It will explode if heated above 155 Celsius

True or False?

The antiseptic action of chloroazodin is fast because of its extremely fast reaction with water.

Name this compound

is a complex of the sodium salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and hypochlorous acid. The complex slowly releases hypochlorous acid in solution.

The agent has a marked and rapid-cidal action against most microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, molds, yeasts, viruses, and spores.

Used to treat localized infections, to remove necrotic tissue from massive infections or radiation necrosis, to counteract odorous discharges, to act as an irritant, and to disinfect cysts and fistulas.

A typical application uses a ________% concentration in water. Dilutions of _____% are used in urology and ophthalmology.

is a white granular powder. In its pure powder form, it is explosive. The compound is formulated with 30% water to make it safer to handle.

It is used in the treatment of acne

This induces proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to sloughing and repair

Name the compound

Dermatophytoses are collectively called

The skin is a formidable barrier to drug penetration, and many of the topical agents work best if an adjuvant is added that opens the barrier function of the skin. _____________ such as ___________ or other ________________ perform this function reasonably well.

Adults have an acidic, fatty substance in and on the skin called ____________

Sebum functions as a natural ______ agent, part of the innate immune system.

an antifungal agent that is nonirritating and nontoxic. After application, it is present in perspiration in low concentration (0.01%).

Occurs as an anhydrous form and as a monohydrate, salt is unstable to moisture, and is used as a fungicide, particularly on adhesive tape.

Obtained from destructive distillation of castor oil. A viscous yellow liquid.

Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and most organic solvents

can be used in concentrations up to 10% in solutions, ointments, powders, and emulsions for topical administrations.

the preparations should never be applied to mucous membranes because it is a severe irritant

This possesses appreciable antifungal effects, but it cannot penetrate the outer layer of theskin in infected areas. Therefore, when used as an antifungal agent, this must be admixed with a keratolytic agent.

An old preparation that is still in use is _________________. This ointment contains benzoic acid (6%) and salicylic acid (6%) in a petrolatum base. The cure rates from preparations like these are low.

is a strong aromatic acid (pKa ____) with both antiseptic and keratolytic properties

occurs as white, needle like crystals or a fluffy crystalline powder, depending on how the compound was brought out of solution.

used externally in ointments and solutions for its antifungal and keratolytic properties.

only slightly soluble in water but is soluble in most organic solvents.

possesses antiseptic and keratolytic activity. It occurs as white, needlelike crystals and has a slightly sweet taste

is soluble in water, alcohols, and organic solvents.

Name this compound

has been used to sterilize temperature sensitive medical equipment and certain pharmaceuticals that cannot be heat sterilized in an autoclave.

a colorless, flammable gas that liquefies at 12°C

readily through porous materials and very effectively destroys all forms of microorganisms at ambient temperatures

forms explosives mixtures in air at concentrations ranging from 3% to 80% by volume.

Mixed to Ethylene oxide to eliminate explosion hazard

is a nonselective alkylating agent, and for that reason is extremely toxic and potentially carcinogenic.

is a colorless aqueous solution that officially contains not less than 37% w/v of formaldehyde(HCHO), with methanol added to retard polymerization

Formaldehyde readily undergoes oxidation and polymerization, leading to ___________ and _______________, respectively, so the preparation should be stored in tightly closed, light-resistant containers

Formalin must be stored at temperatures above ______ to prevent cloudiness, which develops at lower temperatures

The germicidal action of formaldehyde is (slow/fast) but (weak/powerful).

Name these compounds