Test 1

Cardiac muscle Cells are seperated by intercalated discs

all 4 classes of cells are found in the body but the proportions of each may differ depending on the Organ function

diffusion in blw cells is paracellular while movement from interstitial space through baso lateral membrane into epithelial call then thru luminal membrane into tube or organ is transcellular

7.38 ~ 7:45

p H = x

Gap junctions

luminal membrane faces the interior of a hollow organ /tube whereas the baso lateral membrane face the outside of the cell and usually faces the basement membrane

Muscle;

nervous/neural;

epithelial;

connective

to contract and generate force

skeletal and cardiac (both striated) and smooth

respond quickly to signals to contrast but are less resistant to fatigue

Slower to contract but are more resistant to fatigue. you find these Fibres in muscles that don't require a fast contract response BUT do require "holding" of contraction for longer period of time

slow twitch fibres that require O2 ( resistant to fatigue but only w/ maintenance of O 2 delivery

fast twitch fibres that can contract w/o O 2 ( anerobically ) they fatigue quickly since anarabic glycolysis does not produce a lot of energy (ATP) to maintain contraction.

fast twitch fibres that can run w/O2 or glycolytictally w/o O 2 = moderate resistance to fatigue → less ATP produced than SO fibres.

FOG, SO, FG

fibres not in tight parallel structure, cardiac are smaller, each cell is seperated by intercalated discs (desmosomes ) membrane junctions that hold the CelI together → cell comms

HDL transport cholesterol to the liver for excretion; LDL transport cholesterol to the tissues

Saturated fatty acids have the carbons joined with single bonds while unsaturated have \n double bonds between the carbons

The concentration gradient of the molecule will determine which direction the molecule will \n move – will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration + the \n charge of the molecule will also play a role in movement : a + ion will move in the direction of \n net – charge while a – ion will move in the direction of net + charge = electrochemical gradient

Mediated transport uses transporter proteins to move molecules across the bilayer. The \n molecule to be moved across the bilayer must bind to the transporter and the transporter must \n change shape to move the molecule across the membrane

Diffusion is simple movement of a molecule across it’s concentration gradient. Facilitated \n diffusion relies on the binding of a molecule to a transporter/carrier protein to be moved across \n the membrane across it’s concentration gradient

Active transport requires the use of ATP to power the movement of molecules, usually against \n their concentration gradient while facilitated diffusion transports molecules across their \n concentration gradient

Primary active transport = direct use of energy to move a molecule; secondary active transport \n doesn’t’ use ATP to move a molecule but uses the concentration gradient of a specific ion (does \n use ATP/energy indirectly to restore the ion to it’s normal resting location)

Co-transport = ion and molecule move in the same direction; Counter-transport = ion and \n molecule move in opposite directions

Hypotonic = higher water concentration in the solution than inside the cell, therefore water \n will move into the cell and the cell will swell and the volume will increase (cell volume = greater \n than 1.00). Hypertonic = lower water concentration in the solution than inside the cell so water \n will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink (cell volume = less than 1.00)

water always follows sodium (because a high sodium concentration is equivalent to a low \n water concentration and a low sodium concentration is equivalent to a high water concentration – \n there is always 2 concentration gradients when looking at water and salt – a gradient for the \n salt/sodium and a gradient for the water) if the membrane allows the movement of both, so \n movement of sodium into or out of a cell will result in the same direction of water flow

Endocytosis moves molecules into or through a cell and exocytosis moves molecules out of a \n cell

The cell volume would increase (cell would swell) if the cell was placed in a hypotonic \n solution

The pH of the blood would be x

Electrically active cells, such as the cardiac cells, tend to have gap junctions between the \n cells for fast transmission of signals

The luminal membrane

A lipid-soluble molecule

initiating and transmitting electrical signals for the relay of information through the body

regulate the movement of molecules in and out of organs and tissues

CNS signal -> motor neuron activation → Acetylcholine released from neural axon terminals → Binds to receptors on the skeletal muscle fibre plasma membrane → Initiates contraction

spontaneous electrical activity initiated by pacemaker cells, nerves and hormones, local factors and changes to smooth muscle fibre environment

most body fluids are in the pH range of 6.8-7.8 with intracellular fluids ranging from 7.0-7.2 and blood pH ranging from 7.35-7.45

pH of 6

through pacemaker cells that spontaneously set the rhythm of contraction and relaxation (although hormones and neurotransmitters can alter that rate)

single-unit smooth muscle:

- all cells/fibres in a group work together with a single activating event

multi-unit smooth muscle:

- each cell/fibre must be activated separately

Iron

4

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Granulocytes: neutrophils = inflammation and bacterial destruction; eosinophils = \n parasite destruction and decrease allergic reactions; basophils = histamine \n release/inflammation. Agranulocytes: monocytes = macrophages = phagocytic cells; \n megakaryocytes = platelets = blood clotting; lymphocytes = T and B cells = specific \n immune responses

The RBCs are formed in the bone marrow but are final maturation occurs in the blood \n stream

The lymphoid stem cell line produces the T and B cells. The myeloid stem cell line \n produces the eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils, platelets and red blood \n cells

The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is erythropoietin and it is produced \n and secreted by the kidneys

The hormone thrombopoietin stimulates the production of the platelets from the \n megakaryocytes

Type A blood means the person carries the A antigen on the surface of their red blood \n cells and also carry anti-B antibodies in their plasma

For incorrectly typed blood transfusions, the following can occur: (i) the antibodies \n carried in the plasma of the donated blood can react and destroy the patient’s blood cells \n and (ii) the antibodies in the patient’s plasma can react with and destroy the donated \n blood cells

Semi permeable aka Only some substances can pass thru the membrane and that many molecules need to be helped across the membrane

movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration which over time will result in an equal distribution of molecules in solution

diffusion of H2O from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration ( the presence of aquaporin is required )

what we call diffusion