AP Environmental Science Test 3

Logarithmic Growth

a type of growth that occurs when a quantity increases by a certain percentage of the whole, rather than by a constant amount.

Exponential Growth

a type of growth in which a quantity increases at a fixed percentage rate per unit of time, leading to a continuously accelerating increase over time.

Linear Growth

a type of growth in which a quantity increases by a constant amount per unit of time.

Crude Birth Rate

Number of births per 1000 persons in a population in a given year.

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children each woman has over her lifetime

Replacement-level Fertility

A fertility rate that will just replace a woman and her partner.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population of a particular species that a given area of habitat can support over a given period of time.

Biotic Potential

The maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions.

K-Strategist

Species that use survival and reproductive "strategies" characterized by: -low birth rates-low mortality -longer life

R-Strategist

Organisms with high biotic potential that are able to: -colonize a habitat rapidly-utilize food and resources-short life

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a population in a given year.

Cohort

All individuals born in the same calendar year

Density Dependent Factor

a biotic (living) factor that influences the size or growth of a population in relation to the population's density or size.

Density Independent Factor

a density-independent factor refers to an abiotic (non-living) or biotic (living) factor that affects the size or growth of a population irrespective of the population's density or size.

J Curve

a rapid and accelerating increase in population over time. Unlimited resources available in environment and no factors are limiting population growth.

S Curve

growth slows down as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment. Represents environments with limited resources

Pandemic

has spread over multiple countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.

Epidemic

the occurrence of cases of a disease in a population or geographic area that is greater than what is normally expected.

Type I Survivorship Curve

depict high survivorship throughout most of the lifespan, with a significant proportion of individuals surviving into old age. Mortality is concentrated in the later stages of life.

Type II Survivorship Curve:

represent a relatively constant mortality rate throughout the life span. Mortality is not strongly age-dependent, and individuals are equally likely to die at any age.

Type III Survivorship Curve

show high mortality rates in the early stages of life, with a sharp decline in mortality for those individuals that survive this critical period. Individuals that survive the initial vulnerable stages are more likely to live to an older age.