World History Lap 6

Justinian

a high ranking nobleman who succeeded his uncle to the throne of Eastern Europe

Justinian Code

uniformed legal code

Hagia Sophia

a cathedral that has a great architectural legacy with Justinian

Excommunication

excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church

Hippodrome

the center of Constantinople’s public life; it was a stadium for chariot races

Who ruled during the Byzantine Empire’s Golden Age?

Justinian

How did the Eastern Empire (Byzantine flourish after the fall of Rome? Know and explain three examples.

• The location was between Europe and Asia so it made the trade system easier

• Justinian enforced the Justinian Code so the population of the empire had an established set of laws

• Gaining territory that Rome lost expanded the population

What are the 2 main reasons for the Great Schism?

• Christians in the East thought that icons were forbidden in the 10 commandments while Christians in the West allowed icons so people could learn without having to read and write

• The East and the West couldn’t agree o who was the head of the church

Franks

Germanic people who solidified power in Gaul (France)

Monasteries

religious communities that played a key role in the spread of Christianity

Charlemagne

Emperor of the Franks

What are the effects of the invasions of Western Europe? Know three examples.

• disruption of trade

• downfall of cities

• population shifts

What large role did Charles Marte play in the history of Western Europe

He extended the Franks’s reign and kept enemies out of their territores

What was significant about Gregory I time as Pope?

He instigated the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely Pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity

What historic event occurred between Charlemagne and the Church? Why was it important?

The pope crowned Charlemagne emperor. It signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire.

Fief

an estate of land, especially one hand on condition of feudal service

vassal

a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance

manor

Lord’s estate

feudalism

political and military system based on land ownership and loyalty

What were the three social classes of the feudal system?

• Lords/landowners

• Knights

• Serfs

How is the manor considered a “self-sufficient economic unit”?

The peasants produced most of everything they needed, including food clothing, tools and furniture. They did not need to trade with others for their basic needs.

What are the effects of the invasions of Western Europe? Know three examples.

• the invasions caused widespread disorder and suffering

• most Western Europeans lived in constant danger

• Kings couldn’t defend their lands, so people couldn’t look to a central leader for security

How did feudalism and the manorial system work during the Middle Ages? Know three example.

• Feudalism→ a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief, a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service

• Manorial→ the Lords provided safety and protection from outside threats and the serfs or peasants provided labor to run the manor

Lay Investiture

Kings and nobles appointed bishops

Crusades

a series of religious was initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period

Canon Law

Church Law

Conduct of Worms

compromise between kings and the papacy; Popes would appoint bishops, but kings could veto

Describe the power struggle between the Popes and Kings

Popes had the spiritual and religious power, while kings ruled the political aspect of kingdoms and empires. Kings and popes were constantly fighting for power; they both wanted dominance over Europe.

How did the Church unify Europe?

• The Church was a stable presence in an unstable time

• Churches were the religious and social centers of village

What were the goals of the Crusaders?

reclaim holy sites, stop the advance of the Muslims on Constantinople, and wealth and fame

What were the effects of the Crusaders?

• European merchants began to trade with Asia

• rediscovering of Greco-Roman ideas

• lessened the power of the Pope

• weakened Constantinople

• increased tension between Christians and Muslims

Commercial Revolution

the creation of a European economy based on trade

Guilds

an organization of individuals in the same business working together to improve that business

universities

a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher education

Identify and explain two things that enabled improved agriculture during the Medieval Ages.

• Horsepower. In the past, oxen were used for power because they were cheap and reliable. Then they started using horses. They were more expensive but horses could do 3x more work than oxen

• Three-Field System. This system rotated crops between three fields leaving one field empty to replenish nutrients. It increased food production and the population’s health because they had a better diet.

How did the increase of trade affect European society? (3 examples)

• More workers were needed → serfs moved to town and workers were paid for labor

• More cash, banking, and lending services → More money available for building business

• Merchants’ wealth and power expanded → Merchants’ taxes increased the king’s power and wealth

Why was there a revival of learning in Europe?

The European contact with Muslim and Byzantines brought a new interest in learning in the works of Greek Philosophers. Most had disappeared during the centuries following the fall of Rome and the invasions