Studied by 3 peopleWhat is a primary source and some examples of it?
original first hand account
letters, maps, journals, photographs
What is a secondary source and some examples of it?
interprets a primary source
textbooks, articles, documentaries, encyclopedias
What is the meaning of APPARTS?
"format for dissecting and analyzing sources"
What does each letter in APPARTS stand for?
A: author P: place/time P: prior knowledge A: audience R: reason T: the main idea S: significance
What were the 3 origins of the Renaissance?
Crusades spurred demand for Middle Eastern goods
Newly acquired trade and wealth
Plague led to a demand for labor (serfs went to cities for work)
What does Renaissance mean?
a rebirth or revival
How did the worldview change during the Renaissance?
there was new emphasis on individual achievement
What was the difference between Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture?
Renaissance art was more realistic, used perspective, human bodies, etc.
Architecture wasn't Gothic like the medieval times, used columns, arches, domes.
Who created the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What were some major results of creation of the printing press?
Books were published quicker and less expensively
Ideas spread quicker
What was the philosophy of Machiavelli (Morality and politics):
The ends justify the means
It is better to be feared than loved
What was the state of the Catholic Church leading to the Protestant Reformation?
popes competed for political power
clergy was a lavish lifestyle
patrons of the art
money came from fees and indulgences
What what the selling of indulgences?
release from part/all punishment from sin by the Catholic Church
obtained in exchange for donation
What was the 95 Theses?
arguments against the sale of indulgences
posted on front of Wittenburg church
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
each prince decided which religion to follow by his people
due to the Holy Roman Empire forcing Lutheran princes to rejoin Catholic Church
What is Predestination?
belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
Why did Henry VIII want an annulment?
he wanted a male heir to his throne
he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
Why did Henry VIII start the Church of England?
the Pope would not grant him an annulment
What was the Act of Supremacy?
declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"
Who was Saint Thomas More?
refused to follow the Act of Supremacy
executed for treason
What were some religious changes made by Henry VIII?
closed convents and monasteries
english bible
kept many Catholic forms of worship
What was the religion of Queen Mary, and how she got her nickname (bloody mary)?
she wanted to return England to Catholicism
nickname came from her having hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake
What was the main focus of the Catholic Reformation?
Reform corruption
Renew Spirituality
What did the Council of Trent accomplish?
forbid sale of indulgences
condemned clergy greed
identified corruption
Who founded the Jesuit Order/Society of Jesus?
St. Ignatius and St. Francis Xavier
What were the goals of the society of Jesus (Jesuits)?
education and missionary work
St. Charles Borromeo: started colleges/seminaries to properly educate clergy
In the Age of Exploration, what were the 3 motives for exploration?
economic: increase trade/ wealth
religious: convert indigenous people to Christianity
What are some positive and negative opinions of Christopher Columbus?
Positive: was committed to expand the world's knowledge on geography by taking voyages
Negative: he claimed the Native Americans' land, stole their gold, food, cotton, etc, punished them for minor crimes by cutting off their ears or noses
Why were conquistadors successful in the Americas?
had superior military technology
had better muskets, canons, and armor
lack of unity between tribes
What does it mean to export?
to send products/services to another country
What does it mean to import?
to bring in products/services from another country
What was a tariff and its purpose?
tax on imports
used to restrict imports
What was the Columbian Exchange?
widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, human populations, and ideas between the Old World and the New World
What was the encomienda system supposed to be?
system of labor where Spanish landowners could use NA as workers
the Spanish would pay them with protection and education
What was the encomienda system actually like?
NA were treated like slaves
disease, starvation, and bad treatment declined NA population
What caused the Atlantic slave trade to begin?
started to fill the need for labor in Spain's American empire
What was triangular trade?
1st leg: brought goods to Africa to be traded for slaves 2nd leg: (Middle Passage) slaves transported to West Indies 3rd leg: raw materials sent to Europe to make manufactured goods
Why did the Netherlands revolt against Philip II?
Philip attempted to enforce strict control
Why did Philip II want to invade England?
to eliminate Protestantism (to return England to Catholicism)
Who won the Battle of Spanish Armada and why was it significant?
England
marked a shift in power from Spain to England and France
Who were the Huguenots?
French Protestants
minority of France but later came to dominate the nobility
What was the Edict of Nantes?
recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France
gave Huguenots political privileges and right to worship
Why was the Holy Roman Empire was a likely place for war to start?
it was not united
they didn't all agree with the same religious beliefs
What was the Treaty of Westphalia?
ended the Thirty Years' War
What did the Treaty of Westphalia decide?
that each ruler could choose the religion of his territory
ended the Holy Roman Empire as an effective state
What is absolutism?
a political system in which a ruler holds total power
What was the Divine Right Theory?
belief that a ruler's power/authority comes directly from God
What was a main difference between the Tudor and Stuart dynasty?
Tudor: good relationship with Parliament and monarchy
Stuart: not skilled at dealing with Parliament
What was the Petition of Right?
passed so the King couldn't raise taxes without consent of Parliament or imprison anyone without cause
Who were the Cavaliers?
supported Charles I
wealthy nobles
Who were the Roundheads?
supported Parliament
common people
led by Oliver Cromwell
What was the significance of Charles I's death?
he was the first monarch to get killed by his own people
What was the Glorious Revolution?
bloodless overthrow of absolute monarchy in England
What was a limited monarchy?
government where a constitution or legislative body limits monarch's power
Who was Cardinal Mazarin?
Chief minister to Louis XIV
What was Louis XIV's nickname and why did he choose it?
"sun king"
the sun is the center of solar system
sun king is the center of the nation
Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes and what was its effect?
to create religious unity
caused 10,000 Hugenots to flee France --> lost large amount of workforce
Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?
Finance minister of Louis XIV
What were the economic policies under Jean Baptiste-Colbert?
high tariffs on imports (to protect French manufacturers)
encouraged overseas colonization
built roads/canals to improve communication/transportation
What did the Palace at Versailles symbolize?
absolute power in France
What was the state of France after Louis XIV?
France was left with enemies and many living in poverty
What was the political geography of Prussia and Austria?
they were in the 300 German states that emerged after the Thirty Years War
What was the ultimate goal of Peter the Great?
wanted to westernize Russia (by adopting western ideas, technology, and culture)
strengthen military
expand Russian boarders
centralize royal power
What did St. Peterburg symbolize?
Peter's desire to create a modern Russia
What were the positives and negatives of Peter the Great's legacy?
Positives:
expanded Russian territory
created mighty army
ended Russia's isolation
Negatives:
used fear/terror to enforce his power
growth of serfdom = widened gap between Russia and the West
What is a janissary?
a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks
After the Ottomans took control of Constantinople what was its new name?
Istanbul
What was the role of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire?
'holder of power" : the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans
What was the specific religion of the Ottomans?
Sunni Islam
Who was the greatest Ottoman ruler/Grand Turk?
Süleyman I
What was the specific religion of the Safavid Empire?
Shias
What was the title for ruler of Safavid empire?
Shah
Why was the Safavid Empire in conflict with the Ottomans?
Shia faith
territorial and religious differences
What was the major difference between Akbar and Aurangzeb?
Akbar: hardworking, expanded empire, his conquests created the greatest Indian empire, tolerated every religion
Aurangzeb: controversial, man of high principle, strict, he only allowed Islam as a religion
What was the Mogul's religion?
Islam
What was a major architectural contribution to the Mogul Empire?
Taj Mahal
Who built the Forbidden City?
Yong Le (Ming Dynasty)
What was the impact of European influence on China (during Ming dynasty)?
Portuguese missionaries brought religion and items to China (clocks eyeglasses)
What was Zheng He's impact on the Ming Dynasty?
he voyaged to western oceans to expand China's political influence in the world
Why did the Manchu have a challenge when ruling the Qing dynasty?
they were culturally different than the rest of China
What was Kangxi's impact on the Qing dynasty?
he welcomed Christian missionaries
allowed Russian trade
was a patron of the arts
What was Qianlong's impact on the Qing dynasty?
expanded empire
women had important positions in the family
literature spread
decorative arts
What was a shogun?
"general" = powerful military leader in Japan
What is a daimyo?
heads of noble families in Japan who controlled large areas of land and relied on samurai for protection
What are samurai?
Japanese warriors
Which unifier began the reunification process in Japan?
Oda Nobunaga
Which unifier never received the title of shogun, but he succeeded in gaining the support of most of the daimyo of the Japanese islands?
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Which unifier completed the reunification process of centralized power in Japan?
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Which unifier was a daimyo from Edo who became shogun and began the longstanding Edo shogunate?
Tokugawa Ieyasu
What was the geometric model of the universe?
system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth
What was the Heliocentric model of the universe?
system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun
Why was the discovery of the heliocentric model significant?
the previous geocentric model which said that the Earth was in middle of the Universe was flat out wrong and only supported by the Church but not by evidence
What did Andreas Vesalius do?
dissected human bodies
What was the significance of Andreas Vesalius' contribution?
he accurately described structure of human body and organs
Who discovered the scientific method?
Francis Bacon
What was the scientific method?
systematic approach for collecting and analyzing data
What did Thomas Hobbes believe?
that people were naturally evil
favored absolute monarchy for government
social contract theory: people gave up their natural rights to an absolute leader
What did John Locke believe?
proposed natural rights (life, liberty, property)
social contract theory: thought if government was not doing its job, people had the right to rebel
What did Baron de Montesquieu believe?
limited monarchy (separation of powers/checks and balances)
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?
people are naturally good but are corrupted by society
direct democracy (the good of the community should be in charge)
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