Year 8 term 4 semester exam cards

a rock formed by cooled molten material.

a rock formed from a sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks that have under gone increased temperatures and pressure over a long period of time.

rock made from compressed sediment

a naturally occurring, inorganic substance present in the solid state, made of a specific chemical formula in a definite crystal structure.

an inorganic, solid, and natural substance without any specific atomic structure or chemical composition.

is the process of how rocks become other types of rocks over huge periods of time

an ore is a mineral with a large amount of useful metal in it.

through the crystallization of magma, or the crystallization of materials dissolved in solution.

hardness, luster, cleavage, and streak

how easily a mineral can be scratched

the shininess of a surface of a mineral

the tendency of a mineral to break into a number of smooth planes

the color of a powdered or crushed mineral.

weight and density, color, layers, crystals and grain.

is an igneous rock found and formed deep within the earth by magma.

is an igneous rock found and formed on the surface of the earth by lava.

Intrusive rocks tend to have larger crystals, this is because the magma takes longer to cool, so the crystals have more time to form. Extrusive rocks tend to have smaller crystals, This is because the lava cools much more rapidly so the crystals have less time to form.

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

is the solid, outer part of the Earth, made of the crust and upper most solid mantle.

is the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithospheric mantle made up of the partly molten section of the upper mantle.

transform, divergent, and convergent.

when two tectonic plates slid past each other in opposite directions.

when two plates spread apart from each other.

when a two tectonic plates go against each other and one goes

is the idea that continents are continually moving and have significantly changed positions over millions of years.

that the middle of the ocean is spreading apart, moving very slowly in opposite directions.

energy is a massless entity that causes things to happen. It is the ability of an object to do work.

is the energy of moving things

energy that is stored and could be used

mechanical, electrical, light, thermal, sound (remember M.E.L.T.S)

gravitational potential energy, chemical potential energy, elastic potential energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed of transferred.

passing kinetic energy from one substance to another by direct contact

is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid) between areas of different temperatures

the transfer of heat across space or through another substance without touching it in the forms of waves/rays.

molten rock underground

molten rock exposed at the earths surface

they are caused by a sudden movement of materials within the earth

they are the fasted wave that travels through the inside of the Earth through solid and liquid. It reaches the seismic station first and moves the rock in a push-pull compressional wave.

they travel through the inside of the earth through solids only, it reaches the seismic station second. It moves rock up and down perpendicular to the wave.

is an organism preserved in a rock.

fossils form when an organism dies, and it gets covered by sediment then over millions of years, as the sediment builds up, it compacts and cements turning it into a sedimentary rock, which preserves the organism from weathering and predators.

You can date them by using comparative dating, this compares the different layers of the Earths sediments, bottom being the oldest and top being the youngest. Another way to date fossils is using radioactive dating, you do this by measuring the amount of radioactivity left in rocks

Pangea was a super-continent, and the idea that the all the continents were once connected.

Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Present day.

earthquakes

trenches, volcanoes, and mountains

rift valleys, and ocean floor spreading

is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart