Unit 1 Campbell 12th Edition

elements needed only in minute quantities

ex: Fe, I, Zn

elements needed to live a healthy life and reproduce (humans have 25)

1 dalton/amu

an isotope where the nucleus decays spontaneously, releasing energy and particles

the time it takes for half to the parent isotope to decay

the capacity to cause change

energy possessed because of location or structure

Elements with a full valence shell, so chemically unreactive

the 3D space where an electron mostly resides

sharing a pair of valence electrons

combination of two or more different elements

two or more atoms

electrons pulled relatively equally; low electronegativity

electrons not shared equally

ions attracting each other

noncovalent attraction between H and electronegative atoms

the breaking and making of chemical bonds, causing a change in composition of matter

starting materials

resulting materials

cohesion, temperature regulation, floating on ice, universal solvent

attraction of molecules to molecules of the same kind

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

the clinging of one substance to another

the energy of motion

average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter

total kinetic energy of a body of matter (depends on volume)

thermal energy transfer from one body to another

amount of heat to raise 1g of water by 1 C

4.184 J

affinity for water

can't form hydrogen bonds, so repels water

a compound with carbon

compounds with same formula but different structure

isomers that differ in covalent arrangements of atoms

atoms have different spatial arrangement caused by double bonds

same groups on same sidd

same isomers on opposite sides

mirror images of each other due to asymmetric carbon

—OH

• are polar

• forms H bonds with water

• helps dissolve compounds

>C=O

—COOH

• acts as an acid

—NH₂

• acts as an base

—SH

• can form cross-links if reacts with each other, stabilizing proteins

—OPO₃²⁻

• allows a molecule to react with water releasing water

—CH₃

• affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA

• hydrophobic

large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids made of polymers

building block of polymer

process where cells make polymers

connects monomers

forms bond between monomers by removing water

breaks down polymers by adding water

macromolecule made of polysaccharides

monomer of carbs

• have CH₂O formula

• have carbonyl group

• short term fuel source

joins monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

polymers with hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

ex:

starch to store glucose

cellulose in cell walls

hydrophobic but not polymers

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

main function is energy storage

have long carbon skeleton and carboxyl end

bonds hydroxyl and carboxyl

ex: fatty acid to glycerol

doesn't have double bonds, so more hydrogen

solid at room temp

has cis double bonds that causes kinks

compacts less, so liquid at room temp

fat with trans double bonds

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, and polar attachment

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

4 fused carbon rings with chemical groups attached

made from one or more polypeptides with unique shape

monomer of protein

has amino group, carboxyl group, H, and side chain

formed by dehydration reaction between amino and carboxyl

polymer of protein

has N terminus and C terminus

linear chain of amino acids

shows alpha helices and beta sheets

amino acids can helix or pleat

caused by hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone

3d shape from secondary structure

stabilized by side chain interactions

hydrophobic amino acids cluster at protein core

polar and charged side chains bond to give protein its shape

two or more polypeptides together

protein unravels and loses native shape

macromolecules made from nucleotides

has 2 antiparallel polynucleotide strands in double helix

made of pentose, nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups

free end with phosphate to 5’ carbon is 5’

free end with hydroxyl to 3’ carbon is 3’

phosphate linked to two nucleotides

causes sugar phosphate backbone

nucleotide without phosphate