sociology final

a person’s social categorization based on physical appearance

the ethnic group a person belongs to; cultural or traditional social and familial ties

genetic heritage

the country where a person holds legal citizenship

biological, genetic, fixed across time and space

frameworks we use to make sense of the world around us

the prevalent and commonly accepted racial schemas of a given society

what are the 4 key points of racial ideologies

a pre-judgement in favor of or against a group

an action based on a prejudiced belief

discriminatory actions against a certain racial group rooted in racial prejudices or beliefs

the idea that one racial group is genetically superior to others

attribution of racial groups’ lack of prosperity to behavior

the idea that racism no longer exists

system ordering individual behavior in society

institutions where experiences differ based on race

practices reproducing racial inequalities

public policies perpetuating racial inequalities

structural racism + unequal resource distribution

measurement of health, life expectancy, or other indication of physical or mental wellbeing

when a difference in health outcomes exist between 2 subpopulations in a larger population

a health disparity that is rooted in some unfair, unequal, or otherwise stratifying social process or circumstance

historical and contemporary racism create unequal access to critical resources

the idea that socioeconomic status does not have the same meaning for different racial groups

how do we measure discrimination?

highly consequential instances of discrimination that have major disadvantages on a person

discriminations in everyday interactions, routine in daily life

major life discrimination + everyday discrimination measures

how stress gets under the skin, associated with higher perceived discrimination

different groups of people are sorted into and reside in different residential areas within a given space

causes of segregation

lower home ownership rates, lower appraised values

lower school funding, limited opportunity, over-policing, exposure to pollutants

high rates of imprisonment, disproportionately affecting african american men

less discretion for judges, set all “mandatory minimum” sentences high

minimums set on jail time for carrying drugs

drivers of increasing incarceration rates

black offenders more likely to be reported and result in arrest

politicians used policing and incarceration as a political tool for votes

some politicians used crime as a “colorblind” way to uphold hierarchies

incarceration is:

framework for health impact at different stages of life

early-life exposures impacting health in adulthood

exposures to risk factors during childhood lead to risk factors during adulthood

environmental exposures altering gene expression

feedback loop of health disadvantage where poor health begets poor health

chronic stress causes health problems

access to contraception/abortion, relies on mother to have resources

limited access to contraception, no (or very limited) access to abortion, relies on families to have resources

unfettered access to contraception + abortion, advocating for families to be supported with resources

inidivudals trying to achieve their reproductive desires

state defined population goals that may or may not represent individual goals

coercion in the birth control movement affects mostly who

effects of unequal access to infertility treatment

someone who moves TO one place from another

someone who moves FROM one place to another

the population of a country living outsider of its political borders

people move to places where they will make more money

the individual will move when the benefits exceed the costs (calculations involved)

a household decides to have one or more members migrate

developed nations have a permanent and fixed need for unskilled labor that residents are unwilling to fill

helps explain why migration flows continue between two places

more opportunity at home for higher education—>higher education stay, low education go

what are the restrictive quotas based on

the process of assigning and enforcing a racial categorization to a social group or characteristic

ethnic groups share characteristics like ____?

eliminated quotas based on national origin, focus on family reunification and attracting skilled workers

prohibits employers from knowingly hiring, recruiting, or referring a fee for any alien who is unauthorized to work

what are the 2 goals of IRCA?

border enforcement works by raising the cost of migration to offset the expected earnings gain, reducing likelihood of undocumented migration

why did undocumented population increase?

acquiring the habits, attitudes, and modes of life of the host society so much so that immigrant origins become insignificant in determining social outcomes

the extent to which institutional barriers to full participation in society are removed for immigrant groups

unidirectional shift in language, culture, place-specific knowledge/skills toward the destination society

discrimination forced creation of enclaves, but enclaves can also make entry easier

migration out of enclaves will accompany the assimilation process, and will accompany upward economic mobility generally

a geographically defined space with characteristic cultural identity and economic activity

why might immigrants live and work in an enclave

discrimination constraints extent to which ethnic minorities can integrate residentially

immigrants and US born ethnic minorities with high SES have little to gain from spatial integration, gain more from living with co-ethics

migrant experiences-and the assimilation path-are not identical for all migrants

higher educated/higher SES people migrate, lower educated/SES people stay

despite being poorer on average, immigrants have better health than native-born

US becoming more racially diverse

fertility is higher and mortality is lower among immigrants than non-immigrants

immigration is keeping dependency ratios manageable