Unit 2 Review - APUSH

Places where two or more nations border each other and where power is dispersed, causing hybrid cultures.

Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. 90% lived in rural areas.

German, Scots-Irish. Scots-Irish copped down trees, planted crops between stumps. Most diversity was in Philadelphia and Chesapeake region.

Armed march in Philadelphia in 1764 by Scots-Irish in protest against the Quaker establishment lenient policies toward natives.

A violent uprising in 1768-71 in the backcountry of NC against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs.

90% and in the Carolinas it was terrible (from Indigo and Rice plantations). The Chesapeake region required less labor because tobacco did not need constant maintaining.

Africans created new cultures in the Americas like new languages and songs.

Uprising in 1712 of two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nonwhites and the execution of 21 participating blacks. Caused by the constant labor and lack of rights.

Uprising in 1739 of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. Tried to migrate to Spanish Florida before being intercepted by SC military.

British people from London brought over to the Americas for breaking the law in London.

Middle - Tobacco, grain, cattle.
South - Tobacco, Rice Indigo.

90%

Act by Parliament in 1733 to eliminate North American trade with French West Indies.

They were very dangerous with contain barricades, broken bridges, carriage overturns.

The Anglican and Congregation Church

Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and parts of New York.

Named after Dutch Jacobus Arminius who preached that free will is determined by eternal fate and all people could be saved if they accepted God.

Lasted from 1730s-40s and was a religious revival that swept through the colonies. Created by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the Great Awakening.

Advocates for the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.

Education was primarily for males and was heavily looked upon in the Congregational church for its connection with the bible.
Most people could not attend school because of labor.
College was geared towards ministry.

Since art was looked down in New England, this widely read pamphlet gave emphasis on industry and morality.

A legal case in 1734-1735 that involved John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer. He was charged with printing things that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York. This gave way to freedom of press.

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king.

Colonies of Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania under the control of local proprietors who appointed colonial governors.

Connecticut, Rhode Island.

The legislation was split into many parts such as the upper house and the lower house. The upper house consisted of Royal governors, some of which were corrupt. This gave them priority over the lower house, which was elected by the people.

Heat was a huge issue with houses and churches unheated. Winter sports were common in the North and card playing was famous in the South.

A letter P

Small war between Spanish and British in 1739 in the Caribbean

Virginia’s governor sent George Washington to secure Virginia’s claims in 1754, but had to surrender after he was surrounded by French troops.

French residents of Nova Scotia who were evicted by the British in 1755 and scattered into Louisiana.

Caused by British attempts of taking control of Ohio Valley, it spanned from 1754-63 between the British and French. Led to the expulsion of the French from North America and helped spark the wider Seven Years’ War. Caused more migration of British peoples.

War from 1756-63 that was the first global war with battles on nearly every continent. The British debt after the war played a critical role in the American Revolution.

Trained Soliders for the British.

The need for colonial unity in the face of external threats.

Intercolonial congress in 1754 created British government to create greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Experienced warfare expert that tried capturing Fort Duquesne in 1755 but was apprehended by French and Indian soldiers leading to their defeat.

1756 but they were continually defeated when they attacked small outposts rather than Quebec and Montreal.

Chosen to lead the British army by William Pitt, he led troops to Quebec where he snuck in and fought the French army, leading to French defeat.

British victory in 1759 over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

They now vulnerable without an ally and had to negotiate with British forces. This caused conflicts with the British placing soldiers in their region and natives attacking.

Bloody war in 1763 by Ottawa Chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio country. Pontiac was crushed by British troops who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox.

Issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac’s War, it prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians.

All citizens willingly work towards the common good.

A group of British political commentators who criticized the monarchy's corruption and attempted to sustain liberties.

A system in which the British expected the colonies to export raw materials to Britain and import manufactured goods exclusively from Britain.

All goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. This caused a currency shortage in the colonies, leading people to smuggle. They exported more than they imported.

The first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England. It taxed foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. 1764

Began in 1765 and required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops

Required colonists to use stamped paper to certify payment of taxes on goods like newspapers, legal documents, and diplomas.

Courts used for offenders that violated the various Navigation Acts. Lacked juries.

Rebels as they felt the laws were starting to impinge on their liberties.

27 delegates from 9 colonies met in New York City where they created a statement of rights and grievances and requested the king and Parliament to repeal the hated legislation. LED TO Stamp agents forced to resign to prevent the collection of tax.

Agreements made to not import British goods which led to unionism.

Sons: Ruthless advocates for independence that tarred and feathered tax collectors

Daughters: Protested the taxes and tarred the tax collectors.

Reaffirmed England's right to rule absolutely over the American colonies.

Passed in 1767 Parliament put an import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.

On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fire on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.

Master of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty)

In 1773 the British government sold millions of tons of overstocked tea to the Americas at a low cost. The colonists rejected the tea besides the people of Massachusetts, who were ordered by Thomas Hutchinson to accept.

On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. Occurred because of tea tax without representation.

Laws that restricted town meetings and required that officials who killed colonists in the line of duty to be sent to Britain for trial. Resulted from the Boston Tea Party.

It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid following the Boston Tea Party.

Passed in 1774, it gave French Catholics religious freedom and restored the French civil law. Colonists opposed this because it angered anti-Catholics and extended the land area of Quebec.

A consultative body in 1774 where people met in Philadelphia to respond to the Intolerable Acts. 12 of the 13 colonies (excluding Georgia) sent 55 men to the convention.

Documents like a Declaration of Rights and appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.

Called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and non-consumption.

First battles of the Revolutionary War fought outside of Boston.

Stronger military and naval power when they declared war.

French declared war on British in Europe, Britain's army in America had to operate under many difficulties; officers were not well-trained, troops were operating far from their home base. The British didn’t have a strong city to attack.

Frenchman who was a major general in the colonial army. His services were valuable in securing further aid from France.

Following the war, money was poor. The lack of metallic money in America forced the Continental Congress to print paper money. This money soon lost value and individual states were forced to print their own money.

They maintained farms and businesses.

Woman who cooked and sewed for troops in return for money and rations.

German who helped train the American fighters to fight the British.

Many enlisted into the war and some served as cooks, guides, spies.

In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved blacks in Virginia who joined the British army.

They suffered disease from malaria and dysentery. They prioritized tobacco, starving themselves.

People who voluntarily worked for 4-7 years in return for trans-atlantic passage and freedom. Usually got “freedom dues” - Included barrels of corn, land, clothing.

System in Massachusetts and Virginia that encouraged migration of indentured servants. People got 50 acres of land for every person that migrated.

William Berkeley (gov. VA) didn’t respond to Indians attacking people. This led to rebellion where Nathaniel Bacon and his followers torched Jamestown in 1676. Led to Bacon’s dead and his followers being hung.

Increased yield of rice and indigo.

English joint-stock company involving slave-trade into the North American colonies. Lost its monopoly on carrying slaves which caused a huge rush for slaves.

Set of laws in 1662 defining racial slavery. Limited their education and their rights.

The “small farmers” who owned 1-2 slaves.

As morality rates decreased, Africans were imported because they served for life and benefits didn’t need to be produced. People in Europe also got wages increased.

North - Morality rate was lower from climate and water, Environment prevented agriculture (relied on livestock), Families generally migrated and reproduced, education was prioritized by Puritans, became good shipbuilders

South - Woman usually inherited land following their husbands death, Men outnumbered woman significantly, morality rate was extreme.

Agreement in 1662 allowing unconverted offspring of Puritan Church members to baptize their children.

Started in Salem, MA with two girls saying a witch possessed them. Lasted from 1692-93 where anyone believed to be a witch was put to death.

Men - Cleared Land, Fenced, Planted, Cut Firewood.

Woman - Wove, Cooked, Cleaned, Cared for young.

Conflict in 1689-91 between merchants led by Jacob Leisler. Uprising erupted when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in New England.

The Puritan Church inherited the land rather than the woman. Puritans feared that more women's rights would decrease married persons.

Preached to people outside of churches against predestination, recalling that you can have a relationship directly with god.

Wrote a book (Sinners of an Empty Hand) which is designed to scare people into joining churches.