AP PSYCHOLOGY UNITS 2 + 3 REVIEW

Natural, period loss of consciousness

Internal clock for waking and sleeping

Waves showing a slow, awake but relaxed state

Waves showing large, slow waves associated with deep sleep

Pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm

Stage where hallucinations and hypnagogic sensations can happen

False sensory experiences

Feelings of falling, twitching, jerks, etc.

Stage where the person is more relaxed; sleep spindles; can be awakened easily

Stage with delta waves; hard to awaken

Hunger-arousing hormone

Hunger-suppressing hormone

Recurring difficulty staying or falling asleep

Falling asleep out of nowhere for a brief moment

Not breathing during sleep; suddenly waking up to catch a breath

Person wakes up looking terrified; may walk around; mostly in children

Walking while asleep

Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts during sleep

Remembered storyline of a dream

Unconscious drives and wishes during a dream

Tendency for REM sleep to be longer after REM sleep deprivation

Clear, protective layer that covers the pupil + iris

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye

Small adjustable opening through which light passes through

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

Light-sensitive part that contains the cones + rods

Neurons that send info from the eye to the brain via the optic nerve

Combine impulses from the receptor cells of the retina and transfers these impulses to the ganglion cells

Retinal photoreceptors that detect black, white, and grey colors

Retinal photoreceptors that detect colors

Light waves → neural impulses by rods + cones → passes through the bipolar + ganglion cells → occipital lobe/visual cortex

Central focal point in the retina that helps with sharpness + focus

Made up of axons of ganglion cells; carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Optic disk at the back of the eye that doesn't have any receptor cells

Process by which the eye's lens changes shapes to focus on near or far objects

Eyes have three types of cones and each one pairs up with a color

Inability to distinguish colors, or see any colors at all

Cone photoreceptors are paired up; red-green, blue-yellow, white-black

Nerve cells in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe that respond to a scene's angles and lines

Thinking of many aspects simultaneously; combines colors, form, motion, and depth

Collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal

Transmits sound waves from the external area to the inner ear

Innermost part of the ear; contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Protects the middle ear from dirt, bacteria, etc; vibrates in response to soundwaves

Located in the middle ear and contains the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

One of the two openings into the cochlea from the middle ear

Fluid-filled, spiral-shaped part in the inner ear that converts sound waves to electrical signals to the brain

Supports hair cells; controls sound vibrations that allow the brain to interpret sound

Interprets electrical impulses and relays them to the brain

Regulates balance + sense head position

Different frequencies excite different hair cells at different locations along the basilar membrane

Basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave

Organism's ability to determine the locations of a sound

Hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerve

Hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system that controls sound waves to the cochlea

Taste receptor that describes "savory" or "meaty" flavors

Chemical senses for taste

Chemical senses for smell

In the spinal cord, there's a "gate" that can block or allow pain to go through and reach the brain

"Feel good" hormones that can decrease pain temporarily

When a limb is gone, but pain is still experienced in the area

Sense of movement and balance

System that allows us to sense our position and how and when our body parts move

One sense may influence another

Gestures and body sensations are connected with our brain circuit

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info

Sensory info is processed and then goes through higher levels of processing

Having pre-existing knowledge to create perceptions

Consciously focusing on a particular stimulus

Ability to focus on one voice among a sea of other voices

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is on something else

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Process of converting one form of energy to another form that our brain can use

Minimum amount of stimuli needed to detect a stimulus through our senses

Minimum change in stimuli for us to detect a change

Measurement of the difference between two distinct patterns

Stimuli that we cannot detect because it's below the absolute threshold

Exposure to one stimulus may impact the individual's response to the current stimulus

To notice a difference, two stimuli must differ by different thresholds

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Combining aspects to form a whole

Seeing objects that stand out from their surroundings

Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups

Grouping nearby figures

Seeing lines and angles that form a whole

Filling in gaps to create whole figures

Judging distance and depth

Help us perceive depth with the use of two eyes

Brain perceives depth between two near objects

Help us perceive depth and linear perspective with the use of one eye

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite illuminations and retinal image changes

Seeing objects have the same color throughout despite changes to it

Ability to adjust to a change in our visual field